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Gastrointestinal System > Jaundice > Flashcards

Jaundice Flashcards

1
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Clinical manifestation of raised bilirubin

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2
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Breakdown product of haem

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3
Q

How is bilirubin excreted?

A

In faeces/urine as urobiligen

In bile

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4
Q

What are the 3 broad causes of jaundice?

A

Pre-hepatic
Hepatic
Post-hepatic

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Increased degradation of haemoglobin

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6
Q

What is the pattern of bilirubin levels in pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Raised bilirubin - unconjugated

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7
Q

What causes pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Haemoglobinopathies

  • sickle cell
  • thalassaemia
  • spherocytosis

Haemolysis

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of hepatic jaundice?

A

Reduced conjugating ability of the liver due to damage to hepatocytes

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9
Q

What is the pattern of bilirubin levels in hepatic jaundice?

A

Raised bilirubin - mixed

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10
Q

What are causes of hepatic jaundice?

A

Cirrhosis
Hepatitis

Acute liver damage

  • paracetamol OD
  • viral hepatitis
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11
Q

What is the mechanism of post-hepatic jaundice?

A

Obstruction to the excretion pathway of bilirubin

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12
Q

What is the pattern of bilirubin level in post-hepatic jaundice?

A

Raised bilirubin - conjugated

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13
Q

What can cause post-hepatic jaundice?

A

Gallstones
Biliary strictures
Pathology at head of pancreas

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14
Q

What are clinical signs of high levels of conjugated bilirubin?

A

Jaundice
Pale stools
Dark urine

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15
Q

What are the main liver function tests?

A 
Bilirubin 
Albumin 
ALT 
AST 
ALP
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16
Q

What is albumin?

A

Major serum protein

17
Q

What id the role of albumin in LFTs?

A

Assesses synthetic function of liver

18
Q

What can low levels of albumin lead to?

A

Ascites

19
Q

What is ALT?

A

Alanine transaminase - hepatic enzyme

20
Q

What is AST?

A

Aspartate transaminase - hepatic enzyme

21
Q

What do ALT/AST show?

A

Raised in hepatocyte damage

22
Q

What does ALT>AST mean?

A

Acute liver damage

23
Q

What does AST>ALT mean?

A

Cirrhosis

Alcoholic hepatitis

24
Q

What is ALP?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

25
Q

Where is ALP found?

A

Cells lining bile ducts

26
Q

What does a raised ALP show?

A

Post-hepatic cause

Gastrointestinal System (16 decks)

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