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Gastrointestinal System > Small Intenstines > Flashcards

Small Intenstines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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2
Q

Where is the jejunum located?

A

Upper left quadrant

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3
Q

Where is the ileum located?

A

Lower right quadrant

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4
Q

How does the intestinal wall compare between ileum and jejunum?

A

Jejunum has a thicker intestinal wall

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5
Q

How does the blood supply differ between the ileum and jejunum?

A

Ileum

  • shorter vasa recta
  • more arcades (arterial loops)

Jejunum

  • longer vasa recta
  • less arcades
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6
Q

What artery supplies the small intestines?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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7
Q

What is the venous drainage of the small intestines?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

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8
Q

What are the properties of chyme as it exits the duodenum?

A

Isotonic
Neutral
Digestion nearly complete

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9
Q

How is the surface area increased in the intestines?

A

Permanent folds = plicae circulares/valvulae conniventes

Mucosa folded into villi

Microvilli form a brush border

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10
Q

What makes up the intestinal epithelia?

A

Epithelial cells

Intestinal glands

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11
Q

What epithelial cells are present in the intestines?

A

Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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12
Q

What type of cells are enterocytes?

A

Tall columnar cells

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13
Q

What is the role of enterocytes?

A

Absorption

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14
Q

What are intestinal glands also known as?

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

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15
Q

What is the structure of intestinal glands?

A

Stem cells at the base - migrate to surface

Paneth cells at base

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16
Q

What is the role of Paneth cells?

A

Produce antimicrobial peptides

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17
Q

What sugars can be absorbed?

A

Only monosaccharides

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18
Q

How is glucose absorbed?

A

With sodium

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19
Q

What are the common dietary carbohydrates?

A

Starch (polysaccharides)
Lactose (disaccharide)
Sucrose (disaccharide)

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20
Q

What does starch consist of?

A

Straight chains = amylose

Branched chains = amylopectin

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21
Q

What are the bonds in amylose?

A

Alpha 1-4 bonds

22
Q

What are the bonds in amylopectin?

A

Alpha 1-6 bonds

23
Q

What enzyme breaks the α1-4 bonds?

A

Amylase

24
Q

What is produced by amylase breaking α1-4 bonds on amylose?

A

Maltose (glucose-glucose)

25
Q

What is produced by amylase breaking α1-4 bonds on amylopectin?

A

Alpha dextrins - short branched chains of glucose

26
Q

What enzyme breaks α1-6 bonds?

A

Isomaltase

27
Q

Where is isomaltase produced?

A

Enterocytes in the brush border

28
Q

What enzyme breaks down maltose?

A

Maltase

29
Q

What enzyme breaks down lactose?

A

Lactase

30
Q

What enzyme breaks down sucrose?

A

Sucrase

31
Q

How is glucose absorbed by brush border?

A

With Na+

Via SGLT1 transporter + GLUT2

32
Q

How is galactose absorbed by brush border?

A

SGLT1 + GLUT2

33
Q

How is fructose absorbed by brush border?

A

GLUT5 + GLUT2

34
Q

How is protein digested in the stomach?

A

Pepsinogen released from chief cell

Pepsinogen converted to pepsin by HCL

Pepsin breaks down proteins

35
Q

How is protein digested in the duodenum?

A

Pancreas releases enzymes as zymogens

Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by enteropeptidase

Trypsin activates other proteases

36
Q

What enzyme activates trypsinogen?

A

Enteropeptidase

37
Q

What are the main proteases?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
Carboxypeptidase

38
Q

How is protein digested at the brush border?

A

Enterocytes express peptidases

Break proteins down to amino acids

Short peptides absorbed by PepT1
Amino acids absorbed with Na+ cotransporter

39
Q

What is the movement of water in the small intestines?

A

Water is absorbed - driven by Na+

40
Q

How is the osmotic gradient maintained?

A

Na+ moved by active transport out of cell

Na+ diffuses into epithelial cells with glucose/amino acids

41
Q

How is water secretion driven?

A

Chloride movement

42
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Ileum

43
Q

What can cause vit B12 deficiency?

A

Lack of intrinsic factor
Lak of stomach acid
Inadequate dietary intake
Inflammation of ileum

44
Q

What causes lactose intolerance?

A

Deficiency of lactase in the brush border

45
Q

What is the effect of lactose intolerance?

A

Lactose not absorbed

  • remains in gut lumen
  • creates high osmotic effect
  • water not absorbed = diarrhoea
  • lactose fermented in gut = flatus/bloating
46
Q

What are the symptoms of IBS?

A

Abdo pain
Bloating
Flatulence
Diarrhoea/constipation

47
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

Immune response to the gliadin fraction of gluten

48
Q

What is the effect of coeliac disease?

A

Damages mucosa of intestines

  • absence of villi
  • lengthening of crypts
  • impaired digestion
49
Q

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease?

A

Diarrhoea
Weight loss
Flatulence
Anaemia

50
Q

How is coeliac disease investigated?

A

IgA antibodies to

  • muscle endomysium
  • ttg

Upper GI endoscopy

51
Q

How is coeliac disease managed?

A

Gluten free diet

Gastrointestinal System (16 decks)

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