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Gastrointestinal System > GI Infections > Flashcards

GI Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the GI defences against infection?

A

Saliva - antibacterial enzyme
Gastric acid - low pH
Anaerobic environment
Gut biome

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2
Q

How does the gut microbiome act as a defence?

A

Competes with harmful bacterial

Produces antimicrobial substances

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3
Q

What does the microbiome produce?

A

Vitamin K
Butyrate
Acetate
Propionate

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4
Q

What is the role of butyrate?

A

Energy source for colonocytes

Helps regulate gut environment

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5
Q

What is the role of acetate?

A

Involved in cholesterol metabolism

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6
Q

What is the role of propionate?

A

Helps regulate satiety

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7
Q

What are the common bacterial infections of the gut?

A 
Salmonella 
Campylobacter
Shigella 
E.coli 
Clostridium dificile
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8
Q

What type of organism is salmonella?

A

Gram negative rod

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella infection?

A

Nausea
V+D - non bloody
Fever
Abdo cramping

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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of salmonella?

A

Gain entry to enterocytes
Move to submucosa - encounter macrophages
Macrophages transfer salmonella to RES
Causes lymphoid hyperplasia

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11
Q

What is the incubation period for salmonella?

A

1-2 days

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12
Q

What type of organism is campylobacter?

A

Gram negative rod - S shaped

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13
Q

What is the incubation period of campylobacter?

A

1-7 days

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of a campylobacter infection?

A

Fever
Abdo cramp
Diarrhoea

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of campylobacter?

A

Releases a cytotoxin

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16
Q

What type of organism is shigella?

A

Gram negative rod

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of a shigella infection?

A

Bloody diarrhoea

Abdo cramping

18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of shigella?

A

Invades large intestine colonocytes

Kills colonocytes + forms abscesses

19
Q

What type of organism is E.coli?

A

Gram negative rod

20
Q

What is the symptoms of E.coli infection?

A

Watery diarrhoea

Traveller’s diarrhoea

21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of E.coli?

A

Invades enterocytes
Produces enterotoxins
Cause hypersecretion of Cl-
Na+ + water follows

22
Q

What type of organism is c.diff?

A

Gram positive spore forming bacillus

23
Q

When is c.diff infection likely?

A

Following a course of antibiotics

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of c.diff?

A

Toxin A - enterotoxin that results in excessive secretion

Toxin B - cytotoxin

25
Q

What is a potential complication of c.diff infection?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

26
Q

What is pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Inflammatory condition with elevated yellow plaques that form a pseudomembrane

27
Q

What are viral causes of GI infections?

A

Rota virus

Norovirus

28
Q

What type of organism is rotavirus?

A

Double stranded RNA virus

29
Q

What are the symptoms of rotavirus?

A

Commonly in children

Vomiting with fever
Diarrhoea

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rotavirus?

A

SGLT1 disruption

  • reduced movement of Na/glucose
  • higher osmotic load

Chloride secretion
- Na + water follow

Reduced brush border enzyme function
- malabsorption

31
Q

What type of organism is norovirus?

A

RNA virus

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of norovirus?

A

Infects small intestion

Damages microvilli

33
Q

What are the symptoms of norovirus?

A

Vomiting
Watery diarrhoea
Fever

34
Q

What are common protozoa affecting the GI system?

A

Cryptosporidium
Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba

35
Q

How is cryptosporidium spread?

A

Faecal-oral route - large bodies of water

36
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cryptosporidium?

A

Ingestion of oocyst
Reproduces inside epithelial cells of distal small intestine
Affects brush border enzymes

37
Q

What are the symptoms of cryptosporidium?

A

Watery diarrhoea

38
Q

How is giardia spread?

A

Faecal-oral - water sources

39
Q

What are the symptoms of giardia?

A

Persistent diarrhoea

Abdo cramps

40
Q

What is the pathogenesis of giardia?

A

Cyst ingested
Multiples in small intestine
Damages proximal small intestine

41
Q

What are the symptoms of Entamoeba infection?

A

Bloody diarrhoea

42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Entamoeba?

A

Ingestion of cyst

Trophozoites invade mucosa in colon

Gastrointestinal System (16 decks)

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