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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the GI system?

A 
Mouth 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Duodenum 
Liver
Biliary system 
Jejenum 
Ileum 
Caecum 
Ascending colon 
Transverse colon 
Descending colon 
Sigmoid colon 
Rectum 
Anus
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2
Q

What is the nervous control of the gut?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Enteric nervous system

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3
Q

Where does the parasympathetic supply from the gut come from?

A

Vagus nerve

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

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4
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

Foregut + midgut

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5
Q

Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves originate?

A

S2-4

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6
Q

What do the pelvic splanchnic nerves supply?

A

Motor supply to the hindgut

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7
Q

Where does the sympathetic supply from the gut come from?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Least splanchnic nerve

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8
Q

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve originate?

A

T5-9

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9
Q

What ganglion does the greater splanchnic nerve synapse at?

A

Coeliac ganglion

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10
Q

What does the greater splanchnic nerve supply?

A

Foregut

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11
Q

Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve originate?

A

T10-11

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12
Q

What ganglion does the lesser splanchnic nerve synapse at?

A

Aorticorenal ganglion

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13
Q

What does the lesser splanchnic nerve supply?

A

Midgut

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14
Q

Where does the least splanchnic nerve originate?

A

T12

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15
Q

What ganglion does the least splanchnic nerve synapse at?

A

Aorticorenal ganglion

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16
Q

What does the least splanchnic nerve supply?

A

Hindgut

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17
Q

What is the coeliac plexus?

A

Plexus of nerves in the upper abdomen

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18
Q

What nerves make up the coeliac plexus?

A

Greater splanchnic
Lesser splanchnic
Vagus

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19
Q

What does the coeliac plexus innervate?

A

Pain/sensory supply from foregut + midgut

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20
Q

What are the main plexuses in the enteric nervous system?

A

Submucosal plexus

Myenteric plexus

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21
Q

What is the submucosal plexus also known as?

A

Meissner’s plexus

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22
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus found?

A

Submucosa

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23
Q

What does the submucosal plexus provide?

A

Sensory + parasympathetic supply

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24
Q

What is the myenteric plexus also known as?

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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25
Where is the myenteric plexus found?
Mucosa - in between circular and longitudinal muscle
26
What does the myenteric plexus provide?
Motor + sympathetic + parasympathetic supply
27
What makes up the foregut?
``` Oesophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Duodenum - proximal to bile duct ```
28
What makes up the midgut?
``` Duodenum - distal to bileduct Jejunum Ileum Caesum Ascending colon Proximal 2/3 transverse colon ```
29
What makes up the hindgut?
``` Distal 1/3 transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Upper anal canal ```
30
What is the arterial supply to the foregut?
Coeliac trunk
31
What is the arterial supply to the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
32
What is the arterial supply to the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
33
When does the abdominal aorta start?
T12 - when it crosses the diaphragm
34
When does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
L4 - into common iliac arteries
35
How many branches of the abdominal aorta are there?
9
36
What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?
``` Inferior phrenic arteries Coeliac artery Superior mesenteric artery Middle suprarenal arteries Renal arteries Gonadal arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Median sacral artery Lumbar arteries ```
37
What level do the inferior phrenic arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?
T12 - posteriorly
38
What do the inferior phrenic arteries supply?
Diaphragm
39
What level does the coeliac artery branch from the abdominal aorta?
T12 - anteriorly
40
What does the coeliac artery supply?
Forms the coeliac trunk - liver - stomach - abdominal oesophagus - spleen - superior duodenum - superior pancreas
41
What level does the SMA branch from the abdominal aorta?
L1 - anteriorly
42
What does the SMA supply?
``` Distal duodenum Jejunum Ileum Ascending colon Proximal 2/3 transverse colon ```
43
What level do the middle suprarenal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?
L1 - posteriorly
44
What do the middle suprarenal arteries supply?
Adrenal glands
45
What level do the renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?
L1-2 - laterally
46
What do the renal arteries supply?
Kidneys
47
What level do the gonadal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?
L2 - laterally
48
What do the gonadal arteries supply?
Males - testicles Females - ovaries
49
What level does the IMA branch from the abdominal aorta?
L3 - anteriorly
50
What does the IMA supply?
Distal 1/3 of transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum
51
What level does the median sacral artery branch from the abdominal aorta?
L4 - posteriorly
52
What does the median sacral artery supply?
Coccyx Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum
53
What levels do the lumbar arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?
L1-4 - posterolaterally
54
What do the lumbar arteries supply?
Abdominal wall | Spinal cord
55
What are the major branches of the coeliac trunk?
Left gastric Splenic Common hepatic
56
What is the path of the left gastric artery?
Ascends across diaphragm - gives off oesophageal branches Continues along lesser curve of stomach Anastomoses with right gastric
57
What is the path of the splenic artery?
Travels posterior to stomach along superior margin of pancreas Contained within the splenorenal ligament Terminates at spleen
58
What branches does the splenic artery give off?
Left gastroepiploic Short gastrics Pancreatic branches
59
What does the left gastroepiploic artery supply?
Greater curve of stomach
60
What do the short gastrics supply?
Fundus of the stomach
61
What do the pancreatic branches supply?
Body + tail of pancreas
62
What is the path of the common hepatic artery?
Travels past the superior aspect of the duodenum Divides into - proper hepatic artery - gastroduodenal artery
63
What are the branches of the proper hepatic artery?
Right gastric Right hepatic - branch = cystic artery Left hepatic
64
What does the right gastric artery supply?
Pylorus | Lesser curve of stomach
65
What does the right hepatic artery supply?
Right lobe of liver
66
What does the left hepatic artery supply?
Left lobe of liver
67
What does the cystic artery supply?
Gall bladder
68
What is the path of the gastroduodenal artery?
Descends posterior to superior portion of the duodenum
69
What are the branches of the gastroduodenal artery?
Right gastroepiploic | Superior pancreaticoduodenal
70
What does the right gastroepiploic artery supply?
Greater curve of the stomach | Greater omentum
71
What does the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?
Head of the pancreas
72
What are the main parts of the stomach?
``` Fundus - top Body - main part Antrum - base Lesser curve - short edge Greater curve - long edge ```
73
What are omenta?
Structures formed of folded layers of peritoneum that attach to the stomach
74
What are the 2 omenta?
Greater | Lesser
75
What are the greater omenutum's attachments?
Attaches from greater curvature of the stomach to transverse colon
76
What is the role of the greater omentum?
Contains many lymph nodes - GI immunity Assists attachment to abdominal wall
77
What are the lesser omentum's attachments?
Continuous with peritoneal layers of the stomach + duodenum Arises at lesser curve Attaches to liver
78
What is the role of the lesser omentum?
Attach stomach + duodenum to liver
79
What do the omenta divide the abdominal cavity into?
Greater sac | Lesser sac
80
What divides the greater sac?
Transverse colon mesentery
81
What is the greater sac divided into?
Supracolic compartment | Infracolic compartment
82
Where does the supracolic compartment lie?
Above transverse mesocolon
83
What is in the supracolic compartment?
Stomach Liver Spleen
84
Where does the infracolic compartment lie?
Below transverse mesocolon
85
What is in the infracolic compartment?
Small intestine Ascending colon Descending colon
86
What connects the supracolic and infracolic compartments?
Paracolic gutters
87
Where does the lesser sac lie?
Posterior to stomach and lesser momentum
88
What connects the greater and lesser sacs?
Epiploic foramen of winslow
89
What level does the SMA branch from the abdominal aorta?
L1
90
How many branches does the SMA have?
6
91
What are the main branches of the SMA?
``` Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery Jejunal arteries Ileal arteries Middle colic artery Right colic artery Ileocolic artery ```
92
What does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?
Inferior head of pancreas Uncinate process Duodenum
93
What do the jejunal arteries supply?
Jejunum
94
What do the ileal arteries supply?
Ileum
95
How can the jejunal and ileal arteries be distinguished?
Jejunal - fewer arterial arcades - longer vasa recta Ileal - more arterial arcades - shorter vasa recta
96
What does the middle colic artery supply?
Transverse colon
97
What does the right colic artery supply?
Ascending colon
98
What does the ileocolic artery supply?
Ascending colon Appendix Caecum Ileum
99
What level does the IMA branch from the abdominal aorta?
L3
100
How many main branches of the IMA are there?
3
101
What are the main branches of the IMA?
Left colic artery Sigmoid arteries Superior rectal artery
102
What does the left colic artery supply?
Distal 1/3 transverse colon | Descending colon
103
What do the sigmoid arteries supply?
Descending colon | Sigmoid colon
104
What does the superior rectal artery supply?
Superior rectum
105
What are the main parts of the pancreas?
``` Head Neck Body Tail Uncinate process ```
106
Where does the head of the pancreas lie?
In the duodenum
107
Where does the neck of the pancreas lie?
Overlays superior mesenteric vessels
108
Where does the body of the pancreas lie?
Left to the superior mesenteric vessels
109
Where does the tail of the pancreas lie?
Close to the spleen hiatus | In the splenorenal ligament
110
Where does the uncinate process lie?
Posterior to superior mesenteric vessels
111
What arteries supply the pancreas?
Superior pancreaticoduodenal | Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
112
What veins drain the pancreas?
Head -> superior mesenteric branches of portal vein Pancreatic vein -> splenic vein
113
What are the lobes of the liver?
Right Left Caudate Quadrate
114
What divides the right and left lobe?
Falciform ligament
115
Where does the caudate lobe lie?
Between IVC and ligament venosum
116
What is ligamentum venosum?
Remnant of fetal ductus venosus
117
Where does the quadrate lobe lie?
Between gallbladder and ligamentum teres
118
What is ligamentum teres?
Remnant of foetal umbilical vein
119
What are the connecting ligaments of the liver?
Falciform Coronary Traingular
120
What does the falciform ligament connect?
Anterior surface of liver to anterior abdominal wall
121
What does the coronary ligament connect?
Superior surface of liver to inferior diaphragm
122
What does the left triangular ligament connect?
Left lobe of liver to diaphragm
123
What does the right triangular ligament connect?
Right lobe of liver to diaphragm
124
What are the main parts of the biliary system?
``` Common hepatic duct Gall bladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Pancreatic duct Ampulla of Vater ```
125
What is the common hepatic duct?
Carries bile from liver to cysticduct/CBD
126
What does the common hepatic duct run alongside?
Hepatic vein
127
What is the cystic duct?
Connects the gall bladder to common hepatic duct and common bile duct
128
Where does the common bile duct run?
Descends posteriorly to duodenum and pancreas head
129
What is the pancreatic duct?
Carries pancreatic enzymes from pancreas to ampulla of vater
130
What is the ampulla of Vater?
Connects the pancreatic duct and CBD
131
Were does the ampulla of Vater open into?
Duodenum
132
What regulates the ampulla of Vater?
Sphincter of Oddi
133
Is the duodenum intra or retroperitoneal?
1st part = intraperitoneal 2nd part = retro 3rd part = retro 4th part = retro
134
How many parts is the duodenum split into?
4
135
What is the first part of the duodenum?
Superior part
136
What spinal level is the first part at?
L1
137
Where does the first part of the duodenum lie?
Ascends upwards from pylorus of stomach Connect to the liver by the hepatoduodenal ligament
138
What is the second part of the duodenum?
Descending
139
What spinal level is the second part at?
L1-3
140
Where does the second part of the duodenum lie?
Curves inferiorly around the head of the pancreas Posterior to transverse colon
141
What opens into the second part of the duodenum?
Ampulla of Vater
142
What is the third part of the duodenum?
Inferior
143
What spinal level is the third part at?
L3
144
Where does the third part of the duodenum lie?
Travels laterally to left Crosses over IVC + aorta Inferior to pancreas
145
What is the fourth part of the duodenum?
Ascending
146
What spinal level is the fourth part at?
L3-2
147
Where does the fourth part of the duodenum lie?
After crossing aorta, ascends and curves anteriorly to join jejunum
148
Where is the jejunum located?
Upper left quadrant
149
Where is the ileum located?
Lower right quadrant
150
What makes up the large intenstine?
``` Caecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon ```
151
Is the caecum intra or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
152
Is the ascending colon intra or retroperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
153
Where does the ascending colon become the transverse colon?
Right colic (hepatic) flexure
154
Is the transverse colon intra or retro peritoneal?
Intraperitoneal - transverse colon
155
Where does the transverse colon become the descending colon?
Left colic (splenic) flexure
156
Is the descending colon intra or retro peritoneal?
Retroperitoneal
157
Is the sigmoid colon intra or retro peritoneal?
Intraperitoneal - sigmoid mesocolon
158
What are the paracolic gutters?
Spaces between ascending/descending colon and posterior abdominal wall
159
What level does the rectum start?
S3
160
Is the rectum intra or retro peritoneal?
Upper 1/3 - intraperitoneal Middle 1/3 - retroperitoneal Lower 1/3 - no peritoneum
161
What is the arterial supply to the rectum?
Superior rectal artery - from IMA Middle rectal artery - from interal iliac Inferior rectal artery - from pudendal
162
When does the anal canal start?
Proximal border of anal sphincter complex Joined to rectum by the anorectal ring
163
What are the 2 anal sphincters?
Internal | External
164
Where is the internal anal sphincter?
Surrounds the upper 2/3 of anal canal
165
What muscle makes up the internal anal sphincter?
Circular smooth muscle
166
Where is the external anal sphincter?
Surrounds lower 2/3 of anal canal
167
What muscle makes up the external anal sphincter?
Voluntary muscle
168
What makes up the anorectal ring?
Fusion of internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle
169
What epithelium lines the anal canal above the dentate line?
Columnar epithelium
170
What divides the anal canal?
Dentate line (pectinate line)
171
What epithelium lines the anal canal below the dentate line?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
172
Where is the anal canal above the dentate line derived from?
Embryonic hindgut
173
Where is the anal canal below the dentate line derived from?
Ectoderm of proctodeum
174
What artery supplies the anal canal above the dentate line?
Superior rectal artery
175
What artery supplies the anal canal below the dentate line?
Inferior rectal artery
176
What makes the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Aponeurosis of external oblique
177
What makes the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia
178
What makes the roof of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia Internal oblique Transversus abdominis
179
What makes the floor of the inguinal canal?
Inguinal ligament
180
Where is the deep ring found?
Above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
181
What makes the deep ring/
Transversalis fascia
182
Where is the deep ring in relation to the epigastric vessels?
Lateral to the vessels
183
Where is the superficial ring found?
Superior to pubic tubercle
184
What makes the superficial ring?
External oblique
185
Where is the superficial ring in relation to the epigastric vessels?
Medial to the vessels
186
What is the main vein in the abdomen?
Inferior vena cava
187
Where does the vena cava receive tributaries from?
``` Common iliac veins Lumbar veins Renal veins Right testicular/ovarian vein Right suprarenal vein Inferior phrenic veins Hepatic veins ```
188
Which veins form the portal vein?
Splenic vein | Superior mesenteric vein
189
Where does the portal vein receive tributaries from?
Left + right gastric veins Cystic veins Para-umbilical veins
190
Where does the splenic vein receive tributaries from?
Short gastric veins Left gastro-omental vein Pancreatic veins Inferior mesenteric vein
191
Where does the superior mesenteric vein receive tributaries from?
``` Right gastro-omental vein Anterior + posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins Jejunal vein Ileal vein Ileocolic vein Right colic vein Middle colic vein ```

Gastrointestinal System (16 decks)

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