Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

Question 1

What are the psychological components of intergroup bias?

Answer 1

Affect, behaviour and cognition

Question 2

What is the affect of intergroup bias?

Answer 2

prejudice

Question 3

What is the behaviour of intergroup bias?

Answer 3

discrimination

Question 4

What is the cognition of intergroup bias?

Answer 4

stereotyping

Question 5

What is stereotyping?

Answer 5

is a generalization about a group that is seen
as descriptive of all members of that group

Question 6

What is outgroup homogeneity?

Answer 6

the tendency to see all outgroup
members as alike

Question 7

What is discrimination?

Answer 7

is differential treatment
due to group membership

Question 8

What is prejudice?

Answer 8

a negative attitude or judgment about a person or group based on their perceived membership in a social group

Question 9

What is benevolent racism/sexism?

Answer 9

Race and gender stereotypes often contain a
mix of both positive and negative sentiments

Question 10

What is the trouble of using positive stereotypes?

Answer 10

Can be used to justify holding other
negative stereotypes, may belittle members that dont fit the positive stereotype

Question 11

What implict attitudes?

Answer 11

are a measure of
someone’s automatic negative or positive
evaluation of a social group or category

Question 12

How can we measure implicit attitudes?

Answer 12

Implicit attitudes can be measured by ease of
associating different social categories with
positive or negative words

Question 13

What is the implicit association test?

Answer 13

a timed sorting task where an individual categorizes group A with good and group B with bad then reverse (the difference between reaction times in the two blocks = implicit preference for A over B)

Question 14

What are white Americans implicit attitudes?

Answer 14

White Americans show consistent pro-white
preference on average

Question 15

What are black american’s implicit attitude?

Answer 15

Black Americans show no preference on
average

Question 16

What is priming?

Answer 16

The presentation of information designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible. A prime is the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question

Question 17

What is the affect misattribution procedure?

Answer 17

A priming procedure designed to assess people’s implicit associations to different stimuli, including their associations to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups

Question 18

What is the origin of prejudice according to the economic perspective ?

Answer 18

Prejudice results from different social groups
competing over scarce resources

Question 19

What is the origin of preference according to the motivational perspective?

Answer 19

Prejudice results from motivations to view one’s
ingroup more favorably than outgroups

Question 20

What is the origin of prejudice according to the cognitive perspective?

Answer 20

Prejudice results from biases in social cognition due
to schemas about differences between ingroup and
outgroup members

Question 21

What is realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 21

Competition for scarce resources will increase
conflict among groups, resulting in prejudice
and discrimination

Question 22

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 22

Tendency to glorify
one’s own group and
to derogate
outgroups

Question 23

What occurs during stage 1 of Robber’s cave experiment?

Answer 23

A group of 11 year boys are split into 2 groups and only do activities with own group

Question 24

What occurs during stage 2 of Robber’s cave experiment?

Answer 24

Engage in competitive sports with prizes for
winning team (competing for scarce resources), competition created outgroup prejudice

Question 25

What occurs during stage 3 of Robber’s cave experiment?

Answer 25

Introduced super-ordinate goals so both groups
had to work together to solve a problem

Question 26

What is superodinate goals?

Answer 26

A goal that transcends the interests of any one group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together

Question 27

What are the results of Robber’s cave experiment?

Answer 27

Hostility between groups declined, formation of new friendships with outgroup members but ingroup identification was hard to eliminate entirely

Question 28

What is a jigsaw classroom?

Answer 28

Innovative approach to learning where
students work together in small, diverse “co-
operative learning teams”

Question 29

What are the outcomes of a jigsaw classroom?

Answer 29

Decreased prejudice and stereotyping, improved performance, higher self esteem, more cross group friendships

Question 30

How does the economic perspective suggest that prejudice can be reduced?

Answer 30

Economic perspectives suggest that prejudice
can be reduced when groups see themselves
as needing to work together to achieve a
collective goal

Question 31

What are the effects of ingroup bias?

Answer 31

Because self-esteem is based in part on our
group memberships, we’re motivated to boost
the status of the ingroup, desire to give advantages to ingroup, ingroup criticism = personal criticism

Question 32

When are we most likely to use stereotypes?

Answer 32

When we are tired and mentally drained

Question 33

What is accentuation of ingroup similarities and
outgroup differences

Answer 33

Assume members of ingroup to be more
similar to us and members of outgroups to be
more dissimilar to us than they may actually
be

Question 34

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

Answer 34

Members of outgroup are viewed as more similar to
each other, don’t view outgroup members as distinct individuals

Question 35

What is biased information processing?

Answer 35

We may pay attention to and remember
things that are consistent with our stereotypes
and fail to notice or remember things that are
inconsistent

Question 36

What are illusory correlations?

Answer 36

False beliefs about groups may be
maintained because we more easily
remember the pairing of two distinct events

Question 37

What did the shooter bias reveal?

Answer 37

participants made more mistake on an unarmed trial involved shooting when one should not have for a black target than a white target and participants were most likely to make a mistake on an armed shooter for a white target than a black target

Question 38

What were the results of Payne’s object recognition study?

Answer 38

White participants were quicker to recognize
guns after seeing a black face and more
likely to mistake a tool as a gun after seeing
a black face

Question 39

How can we reduce prejudice according to the cognitive perspective?

Answer 39

influence of automatically activated
stereotypes can be corrected for if people
are motivated and aware of potential biases

Question 40

What is the social dominance theory?

Answer 40

a social psychological theory that examines how societies are organized into group-based hierarchies and how these hierarchies are maintained

Question 41

What is social dominance orientation?

Answer 41

a personality trait that measures a person’s preference for social hierarchy and inequality between groups

Question 42

What is the just world hypothesis?

Answer 42

people get what they deserve, reassures individuals that bad things wont happen to them

Question 43

How are social hierarchies maintained?

Answer 43

Meritocracy, just world hypothesis, denying the humanity of individuals

Question 44

What is a stereotype threat?

Answer 44

anxiety that individuals
will confirm the negative
stereotypes about their
social group

Question 45

What are the optimal conditions for contact according to Allport?

Answer 45

equal status, common goals, no competition or intergroup cooperation, sanction by authority/social norms

Question 46

Does contact result in less prejudice

Answer 46

Yes but only moderately

Question 47

what is the extended contact effect?

Answer 47

Knowledge of an ingroup member’s cross-
group friends is sufficient to improve
intergroup attitudes

Question 48

What is the stereotype content model?

Answer 48

A model that describes the nature of common group stereotypes, positing that they vary along the two prominent dimensions of warmth and competence

Question 49

What are the effects of individual discrimination and direct mistreatment?

Answer 49

Bias in law enforcement, hiring, in what is absent

Question 50

What is marley’s hypothesis?

Answer 50

The claim that different racial groups make different assessments of the amount of racism in society today because they differ in their knowledge of racial history