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PSY220 > Altruism > Flashcards

Altruism Flashcards

1
Q

What is altruism?

A

Prosocial behavior that benefits others without regard to the consequences for oneself

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2
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

any act preformed with the goal of benefitting another person

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3
Q

What is empathy?

A

Ability to put oneself in another person’s shoes, to experince the same feelings and emotions

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4
Q

What is emphathic concern?

A

sympathy and compassion

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5
Q

What is empathic distress?

A

anxiety and sorrow

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6
Q

What is empathic concern?

A

identifying with another person accompanied by the intention to help the person in need

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7
Q

What is social reward?

A

A benefit, such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behavior

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8
Q

What is personal distress?

A

A motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one’s own distres

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9
Q

What does negative state relief say about why people are motivated to help?

A

perhaps people only help because being exposed to suffering is unpleasant

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10
Q

What are the 5 steps to emergency intervention?

A

Step 1 - notice that sonmething is happening

Step 2 - interpret event as an emergency

Step 3 - take responsibility for providing help

Step 4 - decide how to help

Step 5 - provide help

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11
Q

Why is it that the more people around, the less likely people will interpret the situation as an emergency?

A

informational social influence, illusion of transparency, pluralistic ignorance

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12
Q

What factors influence helping behaviour?

A

similarity to person who needs help, another bystander helps, person bleeding or screaming, gender and personality

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13
Q

How does evolution explain helping?

A

kin selection, reciprocity based helping, group selection

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14
Q

What is kin selection?

A

An evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives, even at a cost to one’s own survival and reproduction

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15
Q

what is reciprocity based helping?

A

one organism helps another because it expects help in return

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16
Q

What is group selection helping?

A

helping members of my groups increases my group’s chances of survival

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17
Q

How do social norms influence altruism?

A

adaptive for individuals to learn social norms from other members of society, because of this the ability to learn social norms has become part of our genetic make up (the value of helping others is one social norm that has become ingrained)

18
Q

What is the norm of reciprocity?

A

to those who help us, we should return help not harm

19
Q

What does social norms and altruism not explain?

A

still cannot explain why stranger help others when genetic relatedness or reciprocity cannot be established or assumed

20
Q

What are norms of social responsibility?

A

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

21
Q

How does the norm of social responsibility apply to altruism?

A

applied selectively, depends on the attribution that we make for people’s circumstances

22
Q

What does the social exchange theory say about altruism?

A

altrustic behaviour is based on self interest, stems from dssire to maximize our outcomes and minimize our costs, people will help when the rewards are high and the costs are low

23
Q

Why does helpind decrease when the costs are high?

A

physcially dangerous, painful and embarrassing

24
Q

What are the external rewards of helping others?

A

investment in the future and gain social approval

25
Q

What are the internal rewards of helping others?

A

relivea distress, increases feelings of self worth, self esteem and happiness

26
Q

WHat is the feel bad do good effect?

A

People tend to help more when they are in a bad mood

27
Q

Why do people tend to help more when theyre in a bad mood?

A

helping reduces feelings of huilt, restore shaken self image and punlic image and the negative state relief hypothesis

28
Q

What is the negative state relief hypothesis?

A

the idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress

29
Q

What are the exceptions to the feel bad, do good effect?

A

when an individual is angry, depressed or in grief their focus is on self not others

30
Q

Why do people tend to help more when they are in a good mood?

A

helping others prolongs our own good mood, a good mood makes it easier to think positive thoughts, boosts self esteem and helping allows us to form positive associations with helping

31
Q

What is the empathy altrusim hypothesis?

A

suggets that if a person feels emphathy towards another person, the person will help when help is needed regardless of what the person has to gain

32
Q

Why are people more likely to help in rural areas compared to urban areas?

A

the urban overload hypothesis and compassion fatigue

33
Q

What is the urban overload hypothesis?

A

suggests that people living in highly populated urban environments are exposed to excessive social and environmental stimulation, such as noise, crowds, and information. This overload of stimuli causes individuals to filter out much of the surrounding environment to cope effectively.

34
Q

how can we increase helping?

A

reduce ambiguity, increase responsbility and induce guilt

35
Q

How can socializing prosocial behaviour increase helping?

A

learn by doing, positively reinforce prosocial acts with praise, smiles and hugs, attribute prosocial behavipur to altruistic motives, model prosocial behaviour, teach moral inclusion and learn about social behaviour

36
Q

What is the importance of cooperation?

A

cooperation is essential to human functioning however individuals also must balance benefits of cooperation with the risks of exploitation

37
Q

What is the prisoner’s dilemma?

A

situation where outcome of 2 individulas depends upon each individuals’ independent choice to cooperate or not

38
Q

What is the optimal strategy in the prisoner’s dilemma?

A

defecting because it provides a higher payoff reagrdless of what the other player does

39
Q

What is the tit for tat strategy?

A

A strategy in the prisoner’s dilemma game in which the player’s first move is cooperative; thereafter, the player mimics the other person’s behavior, whether cooperative or competitive. This strategy fares well when used against other strategies

40
Q

What is a determinant of whether people will cooperate?

A

their expectations about the people they’re interacting with

41
Q
A

PSY220 (20 decks)

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