Altruism

Question 1

What is altruism?

Answer 1

Prosocial behavior that benefits others without regard to the consequences for oneself

Question 2

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 2

any act preformed with the goal of benefitting another person

Question 3

What is empathy?

Answer 3

Ability to put oneself in another person’s shoes, to experince the same feelings and emotions

Question 4

What is emphathic concern?

Answer 4

sympathy and compassion

Question 5

What is empathic distress?

Answer 5

anxiety and sorrow

Question 6

What is empathic concern?

Answer 6

identifying with another person accompanied by the intention to help the person in need

Question 7

What is social reward?

Answer 7

A benefit, such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behavior

Question 8

What is personal distress?

Answer 8

A motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one’s own distres

Question 9

What does negative state relief say about why people are motivated to help?

Answer 9

perhaps people only help because being exposed to suffering is unpleasant

Question 10

What are the 5 steps to emergency intervention?

Answer 10

Step 1 - notice that sonmething is happening

Step 2 - interpret event as an emergency

Step 3 - take responsibility for providing help

Step 4 - decide how to help

Step 5 - provide help

Question 11

Why is it that the more people around, the less likely people will interpret the situation as an emergency?

Answer 11

informational social influence, illusion of transparency, pluralistic ignorance

Question 12

What factors influence helping behaviour?

Answer 12

similarity to person who needs help, another bystander helps, person bleeding or screaming, gender and personality

Question 13

How does evolution explain helping?

Answer 13

kin selection, reciprocity based helping, group selection

Question 14

What is kin selection?

Answer 14

An evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives, even at a cost to one’s own survival and reproduction

Question 15

what is reciprocity based helping?

Answer 15

one organism helps another because it expects help in return

Question 16

What is group selection helping?

Answer 16

helping members of my groups increases my group’s chances of survival

Question 17

How do social norms influence altruism?

Answer 17

adaptive for individuals to learn social norms from other members of society, because of this the ability to learn social norms has become part of our genetic make up (the value of helping others is one social norm that has become ingrained)

Question 18

What is the norm of reciprocity?

Answer 18

to those who help us, we should return help not harm

Question 19

What does social norms and altruism not explain?

Answer 19

still cannot explain why stranger help others when genetic relatedness or reciprocity cannot be established or assumed

Question 20

What are norms of social responsibility?

Answer 20

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Question 21

How does the norm of social responsibility apply to altruism?

Answer 21

applied selectively, depends on the attribution that we make for people’s circumstances

Question 22

What does the social exchange theory say about altruism?

Answer 22

altrustic behaviour is based on self interest, stems from dssire to maximize our outcomes and minimize our costs, people will help when the rewards are high and the costs are low

Question 23

Why does helpind decrease when the costs are high?

Answer 23

physcially dangerous, painful and embarrassing

Question 24

What are the external rewards of helping others?

Answer 24

investment in the future and gain social approval

Question 25

What are the internal rewards of helping others?

Answer 25

relivea distress, increases feelings of self worth, self esteem and happiness

Question 26

WHat is the feel bad do good effect?

Answer 26

People tend to help more when they are in a bad mood

Question 27

Why do people tend to help more when theyre in a bad mood?

Answer 27

helping reduces feelings of huilt, restore shaken self image and punlic image and the negative state relief hypothesis

Question 28

What is the negative state relief hypothesis?

Answer 28

the idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress

Question 29

What are the exceptions to the feel bad, do good effect?

Answer 29

when an individual is angry, depressed or in grief their focus is on self not others

Question 30

Why do people tend to help more when they are in a good mood?

Answer 30

helping others prolongs our own good mood, a good mood makes it easier to think positive thoughts, boosts self esteem and helping allows us to form positive associations with helping

Question 31

What is the empathy altrusim hypothesis?

Answer 31

suggets that if a person feels emphathy towards another person, the person will help when help is needed regardless of what the person has to gain

Question 32

Why are people more likely to help in rural areas compared to urban areas?

Answer 32

the urban overload hypothesis and compassion fatigue

Question 33

What is the urban overload hypothesis?

Answer 33

suggests that people living in highly populated urban environments are exposed to excessive social and environmental stimulation, such as noise, crowds, and information. This overload of stimuli causes individuals to filter out much of the surrounding environment to cope effectively.

Question 34

how can we increase helping?

Answer 34

reduce ambiguity, increase responsbility and induce guilt

Question 35

How can socializing prosocial behaviour increase helping?

Answer 35

learn by doing, positively reinforce prosocial acts with praise, smiles and hugs, attribute prosocial behavipur to altruistic motives, model prosocial behaviour, teach moral inclusion and learn about social behaviour

Question 36

What is the importance of cooperation?

Answer 36

cooperation is essential to human functioning however individuals also must balance benefits of cooperation with the risks of exploitation

Question 37

What is the prisoner's dilemma?

Answer 37

situation where outcome of 2 individulas depends upon each individuals' independent choice to cooperate or not

Question 38

What is the optimal strategy in the prisoner's dilemma?

Answer 38

defecting because it provides a higher payoff reagrdless of what the other player does

Question 39

What is the tit for tat strategy?

Answer 39

A strategy in the prisoner’s dilemma game in which the player’s first move is cooperative; thereafter, the player mimics the other person’s behavior, whether cooperative or competitive. This strategy fares well when used against other strategies

Question 40

What is a determinant of whether people will cooperate?

Answer 40

their expectations about the people they're interacting with