stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination Flashcards
define stereotypes
Impressions of groups that people form by associating them with particular characteristics
define prejudice
Positive or negative evaluations of a social group or its members
define discrimination
Positive or negative behaviour directed towards a social group or its members
describe the nature of prejudice
- Involves judging an individually, independent of actual actions
Assumptions based on group membership leads to many errors
what does prejudice often lead to
acts of violence against innocent people
who proposed three basic causes of prejudice
Gordon Allport
Gordon Allport’s three basic causes of prejudice
- Hostile feelings linked to a salient category of people
- Preferences for the in-group over out-groups (in-group bias)
Internalized worldview
when do hostile feelings arise
when threatened or frustrated
-look for a scapegoat
- Conflict over scarce resources
Cultural transmissions over generations
what is realistic group conflict theory
Evolutionary and economic account for group conflict - tend to compete when resources are contested
what resources are often contested
land
welfare
oil
what was the Robber’s cave experiment
- Well-adjusted psychologically boys from lower middle class backgrounds
- Divided into two groups
Competition began to arise extremely for finite resources
what is in group bias
Familiarity-based preference for in-groups over out-groups
People who feel inferior, guilty or anxious blame an out group for their troubles
what does in group bias stand to serve
self esteem
what is ethnocentrism
Viewing the world through our own cultural value system, and judging people based on our own culture’s views
how is ethnocentrism related to terror management theory
- People sustain faith in cultural worldview to feel safe/secure
Culture/worldview has served to protect us in the past…
what is an authoritarian personality
Highly accepting of authority and adherence to convention (ethnocentrism)
what is right wing authoritarianism
- The world is inherently dangerous and maintaining security requires upholding order and tradition.
Predicts prejudice against groups seen as deviant or dangerous
what is social dominance orientation
- Ruthless/competitive world where powerful dominate the weak
A tendency to think in simple, clear-cut ways
has there been progress against prejudice
-segregation is illegal but society is still segregated
-Overt expressions of discrimination and racial injustice are declining but not absent
evidence of institutional discrimination
- Less economic value and pay to traditional feminine occupations
Underrepresentation of minorities/women in higher-paying jobs
what is redlining
resources withheld from minority neighbourhoods
what does did the BLM movement lead to
intensifying efforts to improve equity and inclusion
define hostile sexism
women are inferior, irrational and weak
define benevolent sexism
idealising women in traditional female roles
what is implicit prejudice
Negative attitudes towards out-group with little or no awareness
-some may not admit or some may be truly unaware
what is ambivalent sexism
combination of hostile and benevolent sexism
example of pluralistic ignorance
Obama election - white people may presume enough has been done to improve racial inequality
how do we measure implicit prejudice
Physiological measures - immediate physiological reactions to a person or group
Implicit association tests
what typically promotes stereotypes
culture
example of stereotyping in films
movies about princesses conveying ideals about women
positive trends against stereotyping in films
-different cultures
-heroic princesses
-Bechdel test
what is the Kernel of truth hypothesis
Stereotypes may contain some accurate elements that are then overgeneralised
how is social role theory related to stereotypes
Stereotypes often attached to a function of historically embedded social norms
how are illusory correlations associated with stereotypes
- Association between two occurrences - fundamental attribution error
- Creates exaggerated perceptions of correlations
uses of stereotypes
- Cognitive tools for simplifying life
- Justify violence, discrimination and sexual objectification
-Justify the status quo and promote self-esteem
out group homogeneity effect
tendency to view individuals in out-groups as more similar to each other than they actually are
