stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination

Question 1

define stereotypes

Answer 1

Impressions of groups that people form by associating them with particular characteristics

Question 2

define prejudice

Answer 2

Positive or negative evaluations of a social group or its members

Question 3

define discrimination

Answer 3

Positive or negative behaviour directed towards a social group or its members

Question 4

describe the nature of prejudice

Answer 4

• Involves judging an individually, independent of actual actions
  Assumptions based on group membership leads to many errors

Question 5

what does prejudice often lead to

Answer 5

acts of violence against innocent people

Question 6

who proposed three basic causes of prejudice

Answer 6

Gordon Allport

Question 7

Gordon Allport’s three basic causes of prejudice

Answer 7

• Hostile feelings linked to a salient category of people
• Preferences for the in-group over out-groups (in-group bias)
  Internalized worldview

Question 8

when do hostile feelings arise

Answer 8

when threatened or frustrated
-look for a scapegoat
- Conflict over scarce resources
Cultural transmissions over generations

Question 9

what is realistic group conflict theory

Answer 9

Evolutionary and economic account for group conflict - tend to compete when resources are contested

Question 10

what resources are often contested

Answer 10

land
welfare
oil

Question 11

what was the Robber’s cave experiment

Answer 11

• Well-adjusted psychologically boys from lower middle class backgrounds
• Divided into two groups
  Competition began to arise extremely for finite resources

Question 12

what is in group bias

Answer 12

Familiarity-based preference for in-groups over out-groups
People who feel inferior, guilty or anxious blame an out group for their troubles

Question 13

what does in group bias stand to serve

Answer 13

self esteem

Question 14

what is ethnocentrism

Answer 14

Viewing the world through our own cultural value system, and judging people based on our own culture’s views

Question 15

how is ethnocentrism related to terror management theory

Answer 15

• People sustain faith in cultural worldview to feel safe/secure
  Culture/worldview has served to protect us in the past…

Question 16

what is an authoritarian personality

Answer 16

Highly accepting of authority and adherence to convention (ethnocentrism)

Question 17

what is right wing authoritarianism

Answer 17

• The world is inherently dangerous and maintaining security requires upholding order and tradition.
  Predicts prejudice against groups seen as deviant or dangerous

Question 18

what is social dominance orientation

Answer 18

• Ruthless/competitive world where powerful dominate the weak
  A tendency to think in simple, clear-cut ways

Question 19

has there been progress against prejudice

Answer 19

-segregation is illegal but society is still segregated
-Overt expressions of discrimination and racial injustice are declining but not absent

Question 20

evidence of institutional discrimination

Answer 20

• Less economic value and pay to traditional feminine occupations
  Underrepresentation of minorities/women in higher-paying jobs

Question 21

what is redlining

Answer 21

resources withheld from minority neighbourhoods

Question 22

what does did the BLM movement lead to

Answer 22

intensifying efforts to improve equity and inclusion

Question 23

define hostile sexism

Answer 23

women are inferior, irrational and weak

Question 24

define benevolent sexism

Answer 24

idealising women in traditional female roles

Question 25

what is implicit prejudice

Answer 25

Negative attitudes towards out-group with little or no awareness
-some may not admit or some may be truly unaware

Question 26

what is ambivalent sexism

Answer 26

combination of hostile and benevolent sexism

Question 27

example of pluralistic ignorance

Answer 27

Obama election - white people may presume enough has been done to improve racial inequality

Question 28

how do we measure implicit prejudice

Answer 28

Physiological measures - immediate physiological reactions to a person or group
Implicit association tests

Question 29

what typically promotes stereotypes

Answer 29

culture

Question 30

example of stereotyping in films

Answer 30

movies about princesses conveying ideals about women

Question 31

positive trends against stereotyping in films

Answer 31

-different cultures
-heroic princesses
-Bechdel test

Question 32

what is the Kernel of truth hypothesis

Answer 32

Stereotypes may contain some accurate elements that are then overgeneralised

Question 33

how is social role theory related to stereotypes

Answer 33

Stereotypes often attached to a function of historically embedded social norms

Question 34

how are illusory correlations associated with stereotypes

Answer 34

• Association between two occurrences - fundamental attribution error
• Creates exaggerated perceptions of correlations

Question 35

uses of stereotypes

Answer 35

• Cognitive tools for simplifying life
• Justify violence, discrimination and sexual objectification
  -Justify the status quo and promote self-esteem

Question 36

out group homogeneity effect

Answer 36

tendency to view individuals in out-groups as more similar to each other than they actually are