Navigating the social world Flashcards
what is short term memory
Info and input that is currently activated
what is long term memory
Information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated
process of long term memory
encode
rehearse
consolidate
retrieve
how does social media use effect recall
Divided attention between social media and taking pictures may impair ability to recall that experience
how do we encode
A reconstructive process
Influenced by bias, schemas, motives and goals
what type of information is easier to remember
schema consistent information
what is mood congruent memory
Remember positive info in positive mood and negative info in negative mood
what is the misinformation effect
Cues given after an event can plant false information in memory
What did Elizabeth Loftus find about eye witness testimony
-Leading questions by police investigators and exposure to information after an event can influence witness memories
-Repressed memories of childhood abuse can be falsely reconstructed
how do people tend to perceive actions
in terms of cause and effect
what does ‘the naïve scientist’ refer to
act as though we are naïve in order to control
-the need to form a coherent view of the world
-the need to gain control over the environment
what two dimensions does causal attribution vary on
- Locus of causality - internal and external
Stability - stable or unstable
what is internal locus of causality
Any explanation that locates the cause as being internal to the person (personality, mood, attitudes, abilities, effort)
what is internal locus of causality also known as
person attribution
what is external locus of causality
Any explanation that locates the cause as being external to the person (actions of others, the nature of the situation, luck)
what is external locus of causality also know as
situation attribution
Stable vs unstable causes
Permanent and lasting vs temporary and fluctuating
Controllable vs uncontrollable causes
Extent to which causes are influenced by others or random
what is correspondent inference theory
People try to infer a correspondent inference that one’s action indicates a stable personality characteristic
what is the correspondent inference model is limited to
using a single instance of behaviour to explain behaviour
when is correspondent inference more likely - social desirability
more likely when socially undesirable behaviours are observed
when is correspondent inference more likely - choice
when the behaviour shown is freely chosen
when is correspondent inference more likely - non- common effects
more likely when comparing behaviour to alternative behaviours
what is the covariation model
-considers multiple observations and considers external and internal attributions
- We assume that the cause is something that “covaries” alongside the behaviour most often
factors of covariation
-consensus information
-consistency information
-distinctiveness information
what is consensus information
How others react to the same stimulus
what is consistency information
Reacting to stimulus in the same way on different occasions
what is distinctiveness information
Reacting in the same way to other stimuli
example of causal attribution - gender differences
- Boys attribute math difficulties to lack of effort or bad teaching (external)
-Girls tend to attribute math difficulties to lack of math ability (internal)
what is fundamental attribution error
The tendency to attribute behaviour to internal qualities of the actor and underestimate situational factors
what is the actor-observer effect
Tendency to make internal attributions for behaviour of others and external attributions for our behaviour
exceptions of the actor observer effect
-Internal attributions more likely made for our successes
-Actor-observer difference stronger for negative behaviour
what are self serving attributions
Tendency to attribute successes to internal attributions and failures to external factors outside of our control
who are less likely to correct their judgment of others
people who are cognitively strained
why are intergroup attributions problematic
can propagate prejudice and discrimination against minority groups in society
why are causal attributions important
- Play a large role in the judgments and decisions people make about others and themselves
- Derived from complex/ambiguous circumstances - can help us make sense of the world
-Maintain consistency
bottom up impression formation
individual observations to form an impression
what is involved in bottom up impression formation
○ Thin slices - can be inaccurate
○ Negative bias
Theory of mind - mirror neurons
top down impression information
using preconceived ideas and schemas as a basis for impression
factors involved in top down impression formation
○ Transference
○ False consensus - assumption that your own views are correct
Representativeness heuristic
when are we more likely to use bottom up processing in impressions
○ Highly motivated to get to know someone
○ Need to work with someone
○ Feel similar to someone
what is primacy effect
What we learn early on shapes our judgements
what is the halo effect
social perception of a person is constructed around a single trait
what are dangers of the halo effect
- Advertising and Misleading Health Halos
-Labelling products healthy creates deceptive health halos
why can expectations can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
- An expectation changes how we act towards others
- Shapes others behaviours and makes are expectations come true
example of self fulfilling prophecy in the workplace
- Can influence the job performance of new cashiers in the grocery store
- When assigned to work with biased manager, minorities were more likely to be absent, leave work early, scan items slowly, etc.
- When working with unbiased managers, minorities often performed better than majority workers…
example of self fulfilling prophecy in the classroom
- Randomly assigned students labelled as ‘bloomers’
These performed better within school than the students who were not labelled
