Navigating the social world

Question 1

what is short term memory

Answer 1

Info and input that is currently activated

Question 2

what is long term memory

Answer 2

Information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated

Question 3

process of long term memory

Answer 3

encode
rehearse
consolidate
retrieve

Question 4

how does social media use effect recall

Answer 4

Divided attention between social media and taking pictures may impair ability to recall that experience

Question 5

how do we encode

Answer 5

A reconstructive process
Influenced by bias, schemas, motives and goals

Question 6

what type of information is easier to remember

Answer 6

schema consistent information

Question 7

what is mood congruent memory

Answer 7

Remember positive info in positive mood and negative info in negative mood

Question 8

what is the misinformation effect

Answer 8

Cues given after an event can plant false information in memory

Question 9

What did Elizabeth Loftus find about eye witness testimony

Answer 9

-Leading questions by police investigators and exposure to information after an event can influence witness memories
-Repressed memories of childhood abuse can be falsely reconstructed

Question 10

how do people tend to perceive actions

Answer 10

in terms of cause and effect

Question 11

what does ‘the naïve scientist’ refer to

Answer 11

act as though we are naïve in order to control
-the need to form a coherent view of the world
-the need to gain control over the environment

Question 12

what two dimensions does causal attribution vary on

Answer 12

• Locus of causality - internal and external
  Stability - stable or unstable

Question 13

what is internal locus of causality

Answer 13

Any explanation that locates the cause as being internal to the person (personality, mood, attitudes, abilities, effort)

Question 14

what is internal locus of causality also known as

Answer 14

person attribution

Question 15

what is external locus of causality

Answer 15

Any explanation that locates the cause as being external to the person (actions of others, the nature of the situation, luck)

Question 16

what is external locus of causality also know as

Answer 16

situation attribution

Question 17

Stable vs unstable causes

Answer 17

Permanent and lasting vs temporary and fluctuating

Question 18

Controllable vs uncontrollable causes

Answer 18

Extent to which causes are influenced by others or random

Question 19

what is correspondent inference theory

Answer 19

People try to infer a correspondent inference that one’s action indicates a stable personality characteristic

Question 20

what is the correspondent inference model is limited to

Answer 20

using a single instance of behaviour to explain behaviour

Question 21

when is correspondent inference more likely - social desirability

Answer 21

more likely when socially undesirable behaviours are observed

Question 22

when is correspondent inference more likely - choice

Answer 22

when the behaviour shown is freely chosen

Question 23

when is correspondent inference more likely - non- common effects

Answer 23

more likely when comparing behaviour to alternative behaviours

Question 24

what is the covariation model

Answer 24

-considers multiple observations and considers external and internal attributions
- We assume that the cause is something that “covaries” alongside the behaviour most often

Question 25

factors of covariation

Answer 25

-consensus information -consistency information -distinctiveness information

Question 26

what is consensus information

Answer 26

How others react to the same stimulus

Question 27

what is consistency information

Answer 27

Reacting to stimulus in the same way on different occasions

Question 28

what is distinctiveness information

Answer 28

Reacting in the same way to other stimuli

Question 29

example of causal attribution - gender differences

Answer 29

- Boys attribute math difficulties to lack of effort or bad teaching (external) -Girls tend to attribute math difficulties to lack of math ability (internal)

Question 30

what is fundamental attribution error

Answer 30

The tendency to attribute behaviour to internal qualities of the actor and underestimate situational factors

Question 31

what is the actor-observer effect

Answer 31

Tendency to make internal attributions for behaviour of others and external attributions for our behaviour

Question 32

exceptions of the actor observer effect

Answer 32

-Internal attributions more likely made for our successes -Actor-observer difference stronger for negative behaviour

Question 33

what are self serving attributions

Answer 33

Tendency to attribute successes to internal attributions and failures to external factors outside of our control

Question 34

who are less likely to correct their judgment of others

Answer 34

people who are cognitively strained

Question 35

why are intergroup attributions problematic

Answer 35

can propagate prejudice and discrimination against minority groups in society

Question 36

why are causal attributions important

Answer 36

- Play a large role in the judgments and decisions people make about others and themselves - Derived from complex/ambiguous circumstances - can help us make sense of the world -Maintain consistency

Question 37

bottom up impression formation

Answer 37

individual observations to form an impression

Question 38

what is involved in bottom up impression formation

Answer 38

○ Thin slices - can be inaccurate ○ Negative bias Theory of mind - mirror neurons

Question 39

top down impression information

Answer 39

using preconceived ideas and schemas as a basis for impression

Question 40

factors involved in top down impression formation

Answer 40

○ Transference ○ False consensus - assumption that your own views are correct Representativeness heuristic

Question 41

when are we more likely to use bottom up processing in impressions

Answer 41

○ Highly motivated to get to know someone ○ Need to work with someone ○ Feel similar to someone

Question 42

what is primacy effect

Answer 42

What we learn early on shapes our judgements

Question 43

what is the halo effect

Answer 43

social perception of a person is constructed around a single trait

Question 44

what are dangers of the halo effect

Answer 44

- Advertising and Misleading Health Halos -Labelling products healthy creates deceptive health halos

Question 45

why can expectations can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 45

- An expectation changes how we act towards others - Shapes others behaviours and makes are expectations come true

Question 46

example of self fulfilling prophecy in the workplace

Answer 46

- Can influence the job performance of new cashiers in the grocery store - When assigned to work with biased manager, minorities were more likely to be absent, leave work early, scan items slowly, etc. - When working with unbiased managers, minorities often performed better than majority workers…

Question 47

example of self fulfilling prophecy in the classroom

Answer 47

- Randomly assigned students labelled as 'bloomers' These performed better within school than the students who were not labelled