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Social psych > Social cognition > Flashcards

Social cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

define social cognition

A

Describes the way people encode, process, remember, and use information in social contexts to make sense of other’s behaviour

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2
Q

what motives influence choice

A
  • Need for accurate knowledge
  • Need for closure
    Need to confirm what one already believes
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3
Q

what is a cognitive system

A

A conscious, rational, and controlled system of thinking
Think critically, plan behaviour, and make deliberate decisions

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4
Q

what is an experiential system

A

An unconscious, intuitive, and automatic system of thinking
Guided by automatic “gut reactions” or implicit associations

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5
Q

what system uses heuristics

A

experiential system

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6
Q

what are dual processing theories

A

Theories that are used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing two ways of processing information

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7
Q

what are heuristics

A
  • Mental shortcuts, or rules of thumb, that are used for making judgments and decisions
    Influence judgment in certain situations
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8
Q

what is myopia in social psychology

A

self-preservation is prioritised

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9
Q

what is an availability heuristic

A

The tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event

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10
Q

what is availability heuristic related to

A

the concept of accessibility

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11
Q

what is the representativeness heuristic

A

the tendency to overestimate the likelihood that a target is part of a larger category if it has features that represent category

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12
Q

what is related to representativeness heuristic

A

stereotypes and prototypes

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13
Q

what is base rate fallacy

A

tendency to ignore statistical and relevant info in favour of representativeness information

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14
Q

what is prototypicality

A

Extent features of an object, place, or person match the expectations of the “typical” exemplar in your mind

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15
Q

benefits of using heuristics

A

No time constraints
Limits cognitive overload

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16
Q

define attitudes

A

Emotional reactions to people, objects, and ideas - often hold emotional valence

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17
Q

what are explicit attitudes

A

Attitudes people are consciously aware of through the cognitive systems

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18
Q

how are explicit attitudes typically measured

A

self report measures e.g. questionnaires

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19
Q

what are implicit attitudes

A

Automatic associations that make up the experiential system
learnt from culture and media

20
Q

how are implicit attitudes typically assessed

A

Implicit and behavioural measures
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Naturalistic observation

21
Q

how do we measure attitudes

A
  • Self-report on attitude scales
  • Observation of behaviour
  • Physiological measures e.g. EEG
    -Accuracy and reaction times e.g. implicit association test
22
Q

why do implicit measures yield different results from self -reports

A

Due to social desirability bias playing a role

23
Q

what is an implicit association test

A
  • Captures associations in memory
  • Assumption these are automatic
  • Interpreted as implicit preferences or attitudes
24
Q

what results are seen in implicit association tests

A

When two concepts are associated it is easy to respond quickly and correctly when categorizing
When two concepts are not associated it is difficult to respond quickly and correctly when categorizing

25
Q

what are automatic processes

A

Performing behaviour without much conscious attention

26
Q

what do control processes involve

A

Overrides experiential system/automatic processes when appropriate
Cognitive processing
Explicit attitudes

26
Q

why is automaticity not always bad

A

-Unconscious mind wandering can help generate creative ideas
-Intuition can facilitate sound decisions without much effort

26
Q

control process failing in PFC damage patients

A

During a gambling game with high and low-risk deck of cards, most learn to avoid these risky choices.
damage to the PFC do not learn to avoid the risk

27
Q

what conditions are necessary for an experiential system override

A

Awareness
Motivation
Ability

28
Q

example of error in facilitated communication

A

Initially seemed to provide children with severe autism with a method for communicating with others
Eventually discredited after it was discovered that the adult facilitators were unconsciously shaping messages that the children typed out

29
Q

what is a schema

A

A mental structure, stored in memory, that is based on prior knowledge; pattern of learned associations

30
Q

define categories

A

Mental “containers” in which we place things that are similar

31
Q

what is a script

A

Schemas that represent knowledge about events

32
Q

what is an impression

A

Schemas that represent knowledge about people

33
Q

are schemas universal

A

Concept of schemas is culturally universal - however content and structure is determined by culture

34
Q

impacts of schemas - accessibility

A

The ease with which people can bring an idea into consciousness and use it in thinking

35
Q

impacts of schemas - salience

A

The extent a schema is active in one’s mind which may consciously or unconsciously alter their perceptions and behaviour

36
Q

impacts of schemas - priming

A

The process by which exposure to a stimulus in the environment increases the salience of a schema

37
Q

what are associative networks

A

Models for how pieces of information are linked together and stored in memory

38
Q

define semantic associations

A

Mental links between two concepts that are similar in meaning or that are parts of the same category.

39
Q

define experimental associations

A

Mental links between two concepts that are experienced close together in time or space.

40
Q

what does priming do

A

Activates information to change behaviour
Conscious or unconscious

41
Q

impacts of schemas on memory

A

When recalling events, we may rely on schema to fill in gaps
While typically accurate… it may lead to inaccurate memories

42
Q

what did Loftus find

A

prime impacts recall of EWT e.g. crash vs bump

43
Q

effects of negative moods

A

self-focused, less interested in others

44
Q

effects of positive moods

A

other-focused, more interested in others

Social psych (11 decks)

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