impacts of discrimination and reducing prejudice

Question 1

define stigma

Answer 1

• Characteristics that distinguish a stigmatised group from other groups
  Includes a wide variety of personal attributes

Question 2

what is a master status

Answer 2

• Characteristic seen as most importance to one’s social identity
  Stigmatised groups are often seen as their stigmatising attribute e.g. race gender, sexuality

Question 3

what does perceiving prejudice depend on

Answer 3

the extent to which one identifies with their group

Question 4

who have larger awareness of prejudice

Answer 4

members of minority groups

Question 5

consequences of prejudice

Answer 5

• Poor psychological health
• Lower life satisfaction
  Elevation of physiological stress response - poor cardiovascular functioning

Question 6

how are stereotypes a mechanism of conformity

Answer 6

Confirming stereotypes help people to get along with others
People get along better when they confirm other’s expectations

Question 7

what is objectification a result of

Answer 7

strong focus of many cultures placed on women’s bodies

Question 8

what is self-objectification

Answer 8

when women internalise these so view themselves as objects to be viewed and judged

Question 9

negative impacts of objectification

Answer 9

Disrupts concentration and interferes with cognitive performance

Question 10

what is stereotype threat

Answer 10

The concern that one might confirm a negative stereotype
-undermines test performance when stereotypes made salient

Question 11

what can stereotype threat lead to

Answer 11

disidentification as a coping mechanism e.g. women in male-dominated degrees reduce importance of their gender identity

Question 12

what is attribution ambiguity

Answer 12

Members of stigmatized group uncertain if negative experiences are based on own actions or the result of prejudice

Question 13

what is oppositional culture

Answer 13

Opposing majority group and its behaviours, ideas, and practices

Question 14

outline challenges to reducing prejudice

Answer 14

• Prejudice contribute to self-perpetuating schemas
  Some people unaware of their own prejudice
  -institutionalised prejudice

Question 15

outline process 1 in the dual process of prejudice

Answer 15

Stereotypes and prejudice are automatic process elicited through a reflexive or experiential process.

Question 16

outline process 2 in the dual process of prejudice

Answer 16

• We use reflective or cognitive processes to control the degree to which those attitudes affect behaviour and judgment.

Question 17

when can regulation of automatic thoughts become difficult

Answer 17

people are pressed for time, cognitively engaged or distracted

Question 18

when can cognitive control become distracted

Answer 18

when tired or emotional

Question 19

what are the ingredients for positive intergroup contact

Answer 19

• Equal status between groups
• Cooperation towards a shared goal
  Institutional support

Question 20

what is the contact hypothesis

Answer 20

contact creating positive change
Reducing stereotyping (decategorizing)
Reducing anxiety
Fostering empathy

Question 21

what is extended contact

Answer 21

• Having an ingroup friend who has outgroup friend(s) is associated with lower prejudice and reduced intergroup anxiety
  Shows outgroup members are open to such relationships

Question 22

what is media contact

Answer 22

• Seeing outgroups in media is a form of extended contact
  Positive portrayals in the media can improve intergroup attitudes

Question 23

what is imagined contact

Answer 23

• Mentally practicing a “positive, relaxed, and comfortable” first meeting with an outgroup member
  Allows for self regulation