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Botany > Stems > Flashcards

Stems Flashcards

1
Q

It is a large source of wood and has a wide variety of application.

A

Stems

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2
Q

Artificially uniting stems of related varieties of plants. It has been used by humans for centuries.

A

Grafting

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3
Q

Consists of an axis with attached leaves

A

Woody twig

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4
Q

if leaves are attached alternately.

A

Alternate

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5
Q

if attached in pairs.

A

Opposite

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6
Q

if in groups of three or more.

A

Whorled

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7
Q

It is the arrangment of leaves

A

Phyllotaxy

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8
Q

Area of stem where leaves are attached

A

Node

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9
Q

They are regions between nodes.

A

Internodes

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10
Q

Leaf has a flattened blade and is usually attached to the twig in stipules. True or false?

A

False, it is attached by petioles.

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11
Q

Angle between petiole and stem

A

Axil

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12
Q

_____ are in axil. It will become branches or flowers in flowering plants

A

Axillary buds

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13
Q

______ protect buds.

A

Bud scales

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14
Q

● Found at twig tips
● Growth makes twig longer.

A

Terminal buds

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15
Q

Number of groups of bud scale scars tells age of twig. True or false?

A

True

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16
Q

Paired, often leaflike appendages at base of a leaf. It protects the growing bud

A

Stipules

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17
Q

Plants that lose all leaves annually. They have dormant axillary buds with leaf scars below

A

Deciduous plants

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18
Q

Marks food and water conducting tissue within leaf scars

A

Bundle scars

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19
Q

● Contributes to increase in stem length
● Dormant before growing season begins

A

Apical meristem

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20
Q

Leaf primordia are tiny embryonic leaves that develop into mature leaves. While bud primordia are embryonic buds in the axils of the leaf primordia. True or false?

A

True

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21
Q

It gives rise to epidermis

A

Protoderm

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22
Q

It produces primary xylem and phloem

A

Procambium

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23
Q

It produces pith and cortex.

A

Ground meristem

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24
Q

Strands of xylem and phloem

A

Traces

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25
Q

Narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and primary phloem may become ___________

A

vascular cambium

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26
Q

It cuts off water and food to epidermis

A

Cork Tissue

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27
Q

Cork tissue is specially found in woody species which soon dies and is sloughed off. If the cork were to be formed as a solid cylinder covering the entire stem, vital gas exchange with the interior of the stem would not be possible. True or false?

A

True

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28
Q

Pith and cortex are both composed of schlerenchyma cells. True or false?

A

False, they are composed of parenchyma cells

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29
Q

● Also called phellogen
● Produces cork cells with suberin and phelloderm cells
● Reduces water loss and protects stem injury

A

Cork Cambium

30
Q

In young stems, gas exchange takes place at _______

A

Stomata

31
Q

Older stems develop _________. It is an alternate source of gases.

A

Lenticels

32
Q

Central cylinder of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith (if present)

A

Stele

33
Q

● Solid core of phloem surrounding xylem
● Found in primitive seed plants, whisk ferns, club mosses and ferns

A

Protostele

34
Q

● Tubular with pith in center
● Common in ferns
● No solid form

A

Siphonostele

35
Q

● Type of siphonostele
● Discrete vascular bundles
● In flowering plants and conifers

A

Eustele

36
Q

● Seed leaves attached to embryonic stems
● Store food needed by young seedling

A

Cotyledons

37
Q

● Flowering plants that develop from seeds having two cotyledons

A

Dicotyledons

38
Q

● Flowering plants that develop from seeds with a single cotyledon

A

Monocotyledons

39
Q

Plants that die after going from seed to maturity within one growing season

A

Annual Plants

40
Q

Most monocots are annuals, but many dicots are also annuals. True or false?

A

True

41
Q

● Discrete vascular bundles arranged in a cylinder
● Vascular cambium arises between primary xylem and primary phloem.

A

Herbaceous Dicotyledonous

42
Q

______ is secondary xylem.

A

Wood

43
Q

Spring and summer wood alternate as light and dark rings. True or false?

A

True

44
Q

Relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem produced

A

Spring wood

45
Q

Fewer, smaller vessel elements in proportion to tracheids and fibers

A

Summer wood

46
Q

● Vessels and fibers absent
● Tracheids in spring larger than later in season.

A

Conifer Wood

47
Q

● One year’s growth of xylem
○ Indicates age of a tree
○ Indicates climate during tree’s lifetime

A

Annual Rings

48
Q

Vascular cambium produces more secondary phloem than xylem. True or false?

A

False, it produces more secondary xylem than phloem.

49
Q

● Consist of parenchyma cells that function in lateral conduction of nutrients and water
● Xylem ray is part of ray within xylem.
● Phloem ray is part of ray through phloem.

A

Vascular Rays

50
Q

________ is older, darker wood in center. Formed from Resins, gums, and tannins accumulate and darken wood

A

Heartwood

51
Q

_________ is lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to cambium.

A

Sapwood

52
Q

Heartwood supports the tree but cannot conduct materials. A tree cannot function after heartwood is removed. True or false?

A

False, a tree may still function after the heartwood is removed but it cannot function if sapwood is removed.

53
Q

It is the wood of conifers.

A

Softwood

54
Q

It is the wood of dicot trees.

A

Hardwood

55
Q

● Tubelike canals scattered throughout xylem and other tissues
● Lined with cells that secrete resin

A

Resin Canals

56
Q

Tissues outside the vascular cambium, including phloem

A

Bark

57
Q

○ Inner bark consists of primary and secondary phloem.
○ Outer bark (periderm) consists of cork tissue and cork cambium.

True or false?

A

True

58
Q

● Ducts found mostly in phloem that have latex-secreting cells

A

Laticifers

59
Q

● No vascular nor cork cambium
○ Produce no secondary vascular tissues or cork
● Primary xylem and phloem in discrete vascular bundles scattered in stem

A

Monocot Stems

60
Q

● Two large vessels with several small vessels
● First-formed xylem cells stretch and collapse.
○ Leave irregularly shaped air space
● It is surrounded by sheath of sclerenchyma cells.

A

Monocot Vascular Bundle

61
Q

Horizontal stems that grow below-ground and have long to short internodes

A

Rhizomes

62
Q

Horizontal stems that grow above ground and have long internodes. They form adventitious roots

A

Runners

63
Q

Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions.

A

Stolons

64
Q

Swollen, fleshy, underground stem, store food

A

Tubers

65
Q

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at lower end. Made up of mostly leaves and has thin stem

A

Bulbs

66
Q

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue, with papery leaves. Made up of mostly stems

A

Corms

67
Q

Flattened, leaf-life stems that photosynthesize.

A

Cladophylls

68
Q

A very thin sheet of desirable wood glued to cheaper lumber.

A

Veneer

69
Q

Used to make paper, synthetic fibers, plastics, and linoleum. It is second most widespread use of wood.

A

Pulp

70
Q

More than 50% of timber is used as fuelwood worldwide. True or false?

A

True

Botany (11 decks)

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