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Botany > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

1665 - Cells discovered by ____________

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

1670s - they described single-celled organisms
• Referred to them as “animacules”

A

Marcello Malpighi and Nehemiah Grew

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3
Q

1809 – __________ said “No body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue.”

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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4
Q

1824 – ___________ concluded that all plant and animal and plant tissues are made of cells
• Reinforced Lamarck’s statement

A

Rene J.H. Dutrochet

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5
Q

1831 - He discovered the nucleus

A

Robert Brown

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6
Q

_________ discovered the nucleolus shortly after Brown’s discovery.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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7
Q

1838 - __________ formulated the Cell Theory

A

Schleiden and Theodor Schwan

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8
Q

Cell Theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells and cells form a unifying structural basis of organization. True or false?

A

True

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9
Q

1858 - He argued there is no spontaneous generation of cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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10
Q

• 1862 - experimentally disproved spontaneous generation
• 1871 - concluded that natural alcoholic fermentation always involves the activity of yeast.

A

Louis Pasteur

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11
Q

1897 – He accidentally discovered that fermentation could occur without living yeast cells
• Extracts from cell contained the necessary enzymes

A

Eduard Buchner

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12
Q

Increase magnification as light passes through a series of transparent lenses made of glass or calcium fluoride crystals

A

Light Microscope

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13
Q

Light passes through thinly sliced material. In general, it can distinguish organelles 2 micrometers or larger in diameter. Can magnify up to 1500x

A

Compound Microscope

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14
Q

Also known as stereomicroscopes. Allow three-dimensional viewing of opaque objects and can magnify up to 30x

A

Dissecting Microscopes

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15
Q

Use a beam of electrons produced when high-voltage electricity is passed through a wire. Includes transmission and scanning electron microscopes.

A

Electron Microscope

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16
Q

Up to 200,000x magnification, but material must be sliced extremely thin

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

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17
Q

Up to 10,000x magnification. Surface detail can be observed on thick objects.

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

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18
Q

-Uses a probe that tunnels electrons upon a sample. It produces a map of sample surface. Even atoms can become discernible. First picture of DNA segment showing helical structure

A

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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19
Q

Cells lack a nucleus. For ex., bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

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20
Q

Cells contain a nucleus.
• Unicellular eukaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals
• Organelles - Membrane-bound bodies found within eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic

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21
Q

It surrounds protoplasm

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

It consists of all living cell components

A

Protoplasm

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23
Q

It consists of all cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Fluid within cytoplasm containing organelles

A

Cytosol

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25
Q

Persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with specialized functions. Most, but not all, are bound by membranes.

A

Organelles

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26
Q

Cells of higher plants generally vary in length between ___ and ___ micrometers

A

10 and 100 micrometers

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27
Q

Increase in surface area of a spherical cell is equal to the square of its increase in diameter, but its increase in volume is equal to the cube of its increase in diameter. True or false?

A

True

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28
Q

Smaller cells have relatively large surface to volume ratios enabling slower and less efficient cellular communication. True or false?

A

False, it enables faster and more efficient cellular communication.

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29
Q

Main structural component of cell walls is what?

A

Cellulose

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30
Q

Holds cellulose fibrils together

A

Hemicellulose

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31
Q

Gives stiffness (like in fruit jellies) in cell wall

A

Pectin

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32
Q

Are proteins with associated sugars

A

Glycoprotein

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33
Q

It is first produced when new cell walls are formed. Shared by two adjacent cells

A

Middle lamella

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34
Q

Flexible ________________ are laid down on either side of the middle lamella. Consists of a fine network of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins

A

Primary Cell Wall

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35
Q

These are produced inside primary walls.

A

Secondary walls

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36
Q

Derived from primary walls by thickening and inclusion of lignin

A

Secondary wall

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37
Q

Cellulose microfibrils embedded in lignin as permeability barrier. True or false?

A

False, they are embedded in lignin for strength

38
Q

Fluids and dissolved substances can pass through primary walls of adjacent cells via what?

A

Plasmodesmata

39
Q

These are cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings.

A

Plasmodesmata

40
Q

The semipermeable outer boundary of the living part of the cell.

A

Plasma Membrane

41
Q

• Regulates movement of substances into and out of cell
• Composed of phospholipid bilayer, with proteins interspersed throughout

A

Plasma Membrane

42
Q

This is a dynamic structure

A

Fluid mosaic model

43
Q

It is the control center of cell and contains DNA. It sends coded messages from DNA to be used in other parts of the cell

A

Nucleus

44
Q

Bound by two membranes, which together constitute the nuclear envelope. Structurally complex pores occupy up to one-third of the total surface area — permit only certain kinds of molecules to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nucleus

45
Q

Contains fluid nucleoplasm which provides a medium for nucleoli and chromatin strands

A

Nucleus

46
Q

Coil and become chromosomes

A

Nucleus

47
Q

It is enclosed space consisting of a network of flattened sacs and tubes forming channels throughout the cytoplasm.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

48
Q

Facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials. Synthesizes membranes for other organelles and modifies proteins

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

49
Q

Ribosomes distributed on outer surface of ER. Associated with protein synthesis and storage

A

Rough ER

50
Q

Devoid of ribosomes and associated with lipid secretion

A

Smooth ER

51
Q

Consists of two subunits that are composed of RNA and proteins

A

Ribosomes

52
Q

Links amino acids to construct complex proteins. Subunits assembled in nucleolus. It may occur on outside of rough ER, or in cytoplasm, chloroplasts or other organelles. No bounding membranes

A

Ribosomes

53
Q

The golgi bodies in animals. They are stacks of flattened discs or vesicles

A

Dictyosomes

54
Q

Modifes carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the ER. They assemble polysaccharides and collect them in small vesicles.

A

Dictyosomes

55
Q

______ are the most conspicuous plastids.

A

Chloroplasts

56
Q

Bound by double membrane and contain grana, stroma, and small circular DNA molecule.

A

Plastids

57
Q

They are made up of thylakoids

A

Grana

58
Q

Thylakoid membranes contain ___

A

chlorophyll

59
Q

First steps of photosynthesis occur where?

A

thylakoid membranes

60
Q

Matrix of enzymes involved in photosynthesis

A

Stroma

61
Q

Encodes for production of certain proteins for photosynthesis

A

Small circular DNA molecule

62
Q

Synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)

A

Chromoplasts

63
Q

• Colorless
• May synthesize starches (amyloplasts)
• Or oils (elaioplasts)

A

Leucoplasts

64
Q

All types of plastids develop from proplastids. True or false?

A

True

65
Q

It releases energy produced from cellular respiration. It is bound by two membranes and has a matrix that includes DNA and RNA

A

Mitochondria

66
Q

The inward membrane in mitochondira forms numerous folds called ______

A

cristae

67
Q

They are small, spherical bodies distributed throughout the cytoplasm that contain specialized enzymes and it is bound by a single membrane.

A

Microbodies

68
Q

Serve in photorespiration

A

Peroxisomes

69
Q

Aid in conversion of fat to carbohydrates

A

Glyoxisomes

70
Q

In mature cells, 90% of volume may be taken up by _____

A

Central Vacuoles

71
Q

Bounded by vacuolar membranes, tonoplasts and are filled with watery fluid called cell- sap

A

Vacuoles

72
Q

Contains dissolved substances, such as salts, sugars, organic acids and small proteins. Also frequently contains water-soluble pigments called anthocyanins (red, blue, purple)

A

Cell sap (Vacuoles)

73
Q

Maintenance of cell pressure and pH, storage of numerous cell metabolites and waste products.

A

Cell sap (vacuoles)

74
Q

Involved in movement within cell and in cell’s architecture. Network of microtubules and microfilaments

A

Cytoskeleton

75
Q

Are thin, hollow, tubelike and composed of tubulins (proteins). It controls addition of cellulose to cell wall and is involved in movement of flagella and cilia. It can be found in fibers of spindles and phragmoplasts in dividing cells

A

Microtubules

76
Q

Role in cytoplasmic streaming

A

Microfilaments

77
Q

Orderly series of events when cells divide

A

Cell cycle

78
Q

Occupies up to 90% of cell’s cycle. The period when cells are not dividing

A

Interphase

79
Q

Part of the interphase where cell increases in size.

A

G1 Phase

80
Q

Part of interphase where DNA replication takes
place.

A

S phase

81
Q

Part of interphase where mitochondria and other organelles divide, and microtubules are produced.

A

G2 Phase

82
Q

It refers to the process of cellular division.

A

Mitosis

83
Q

Produces two daughter cells with equal amounts of DNA and other substances duplicated during interphase. Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

84
Q

Where does mitosis occur in plants?

A

Meristems

85
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

86
Q

Spindle fibers (microtubules) become attached to the kinetochore and anchored to two poles of the cell. Nuclear envelope dissociates and nucleolus disintegrates

A

Prophase

87
Q

Chromosomes align between the poles around the circumference of the spindle at the cell’s equator.

A

Metaphase

88
Q

Sister chromatids separate in unison and are pulled to opposite poles, with centromeres leading the way.

A

Anaphase

89
Q

Each group of daughter chromosomes become surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

A

Telophase

90
Q

It develops between daughter cell nuclei and is a complex of microtubules and ER.

A

Phragmoplast

Botany (11 decks)

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