Flowers Flashcards
_______ flowers are around 0.1 mm
Wolffia
___________________ reached 1 meter.
Rafflesia arnoldii
Largest inflorescence is __________ 2 meters tall
Amorphophallus titanium
It is the term for a collection of flowers
inflorescence
complete their life cycle in one season
Annuals
take two growing seasons
Biennials
take several growing seasons
Perennials
By life cycle in a flowers growing season, it means: ?
Blooming period
It is found at the tip of the stem. Flowers begin as this, then eventually develops into a bud
Primordium
It branch out from the peduncle
Pedicels
Solitary flowers mean: ?
Singular flower
It is the attachment point of the flower and swollen end of pedicel
Receptacle
Consists of three or more plant parts encircling another plant part at the same point on an axis
Whorl
Outermost whorl and usually green, leaflike. Collectively known as calyx. Protects the flower while it is in the bud
Sepal
Collectively known as corolla. It can be showy or inconspicuous
Petals
Collective name for calyx and corolla together
Perianth
If sepals and petals are indistinguishable, they are called ?
tepals
Male reproductive organ. Consists of filament with anther at top
Stamen
This develops in the anthers
Pollen grains
All stamens are collectively called the ?
androecium
Female reproductive part of a flower. It is in the middle
Pistil
The top part of the pistil. It is sticky
Stigma
The stigma is connected by ______ to the base of the flower
Style
The base of pistil
Ovary
Divisions of pistil
Carpels
A type of ovary that is above the perianth
Superior ovary
A type of ovary that is below the perianth
Inferior ovary
The ovary contains _______, which develops into seeds after fertilization
Ovules
Matured (fertilized) ovary and its accessory parts. Usually contains seeds
Fruit
The skin of the fruit
Exocarp
The boundary around seeds
Endocarp
It is between exocarp and endocarp
Mesocarp
It is the collective term for all fruit regions (exo, endo, meso)
Pericarp
It develops from a flower with one pistil
Simple fleshy fruits
Simple fleshy fruit with single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp. It has one carpel
E.g., coconut, apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, olives, almonds
Drupe
From compound ovary, with more than one seed, and with fleshy pericarp. It has multiple carpels
Berry
It has thin skin and soft pericarp.
E.g., Tomatoes, grapes, peppers, bananas
Berry
Berries with thick rinds
E.g., pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon, squash, cantaloupe
Pepo
Berry with leathery skin containing oils
E.g., orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, tangerine, kumquat
Hesperidium
Flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around ovary. Endocarp papery or leathery
E.g., apple, pear, quince
Pome
Mesocarp that dries at maturity
Dry Fruits
Fruits that split at maturity
Dehiscent fruits
Splits along one side (suture)
E.g., larkspur, milkweed, peony
Follicle
Splits along two sutures
E.g., peas, beans, lentils, peanuts
Legume
Split along two sides, but seeds are on central partition — more than three times longer —than wide Silicles are <3x longer than wide.
E.g., broccoli, cabbage
Silique
Consists of at least two carpels. Split in a variety of ways
E.g., iris, poppy, violet, snapdragon
Capsule
Fruits that do not split at maturity
Indehiscent Fruits
Only base of the single seed is attached to the pericarp
E.g., sunflower, buttercup, buckwheat, strawberry
Achene
Like achene, but larger, with harder and thicker pericarp, and a cluster of bracts at base
E.g., acorns, hazelnuts, hickory nuts
Nut
Also called caryopsis. Pericarp is tightly united with seed and cannot be separated from it.
E.g., corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley
Grain
Pericarp extends as wings — for wind dispersal
E.g., maple, ash, elm, oak
Samara
Twin fruit that breaks into one-seeded segments called mericarps
E.g., carrot, anise, dill
Schizocarp
Derived from single flower with several pistils. Individual pistils mature as clustered unit on single receptacle.
E.g., raspberries, blackberries, strawberries
Aggregate Fruits
Derived from several to many individual flowers in single inflorescence
E.g., mulberries, osageorange, pineapples, figs
Multiple Fruits
Dispersal by wind
Anemochory
Dispersal by animals
Zoochory
Dispersal by water
Hydrochory
Some seeds are mechanically ejected.
E.g., squirting cucumber
Other Mechanisms
where the ovule was attached to ovary wall
Hilum
A tiny pore that allows entry of water. Once the seed imbibes water, it swells and splits the seed coat.
Micropyle
Food storage organs that function as seed leaves
Cotyledons
Undeveloped leaves and meristem at tip of embryo axis. This allows when it emerges
Plumule
the stem above the cotyledons
Epicotyl
the stem below the cotyledons
Hypocotyl
Primitive root of the embryo
Radicle
Beginning of seed growth. Some seeds require period of dormancy — due to mechanical or physiological factors
Germination
What are the ff:
- Water and oxygen
- Light, or its absence
- Proper temperature
Conditions for Germination
Seeds break dormancy by:
mechanical abrasion, thawing and freezing, bacterial action, soaking rains
Seeds that do not have dormancy. Embryo grows continuously while fruit is still on the tree.
Vivipary
