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Botany > Genetics and Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Genetics and Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Movement of a chromosome piece to another chromosome location

A

Transposition

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2
Q

Genes or small DNA fragments that can move to a new location

A

Transposable elements (jumping genes)

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3
Q

She discovered transposition in 1950s

A

Barbara McClintock

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4
Q

Discovery of DNA structure in 1953 by

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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5
Q

Chromosomes composed two types of large molecules:

A

DNA and protein

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6
Q

DNA molecule organized into chain of nucleotides composed of three parts:

A

• Nitrogenous base
• 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
• Phosphate group

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7
Q

Hydrogen bonds hold base on one side of helix to another base on other side

A

rungs of ladder

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8
Q

Segment of DNA that directs protein synthesis

A

Gene

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9
Q

Sum total of DNA in an organism’s chromosomes

A

Genome

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10
Q

New DNA molecule consists of one strand from original molecule and another built using that parental strand as a template

A

semi-conservative replication

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11
Q

Copy of gene message made from DNA template using RNA building blocks

A

Transcription

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12
Q

Contains ribose, instead of deoxyribose sugars; single stranded; thymine replaced by uracil

A

RNA

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13
Q

RNA translated to produce proteins. Occurs in cytoplasm

A

Translation

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14
Q

Translated to produce proteins

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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15
Q

Machinery for translation

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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16
Q

Machinery for translation

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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17
Q

sequence at end signals transcription enzymes to fall off

A

Terminator DNA

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18
Q

fundamental to control of gene expression

A

Nonprotein-coding DNA

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19
Q

Sequence of three amino acids that recognize and pair with codon on mRNA

A

Anticodon

20
Q

Agents that alter DNA sequences

A

Mutagens

21
Q

Occurs in body cell

A

Somatic mutation

22
Q

Occurs in tissues that will produce sex cells

A

Germ-line mutation

23
Q

Study of chromosome behavior and structure from a genetic point of view

A

Cytogenetics

24
Q

Chromosomal piece breaks and reinserts in opposite orientation

A

Inversion

25
Q

Chromosomal piece breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

A

Translocation

26
Q

Carries one or more extra chromosome(s), or is missing one or more chromosome(s)

A

Aneuploid

27
Q

Has at least one complete extra set of chromosomes

A

Polyploid

28
Q

Offspring of parental generation

A

First filial generation (F1)

29
Q

Offspring of F1 plants

A

Second filial generation (F2)

30
Q

Factors (alleles), which always occur in pairs, control the inheritance of various characteristics

A

Law of unit characters

31
Q

For any given pair of alleles, one (dominant) may mask the expression of the other (recessive)

A

Law of dominance

32
Q

Organism’s physical appearance

A

Phenotype

33
Q

Genetic information responsible for contributing to phenotype

A

Genotype

34
Q

Start with cross between two true-breeding parents differing for a trait

A

Monohybrid Cross

35
Q

F1 plants intercrossed to produce F2 generation

A

Monohybrid Cross

36
Q

Start with parents differing in two traits

A

Dihybrid cross

37
Q

Factors (genes) controlling two or more traits segregate independently of each other

A

Law of independent assortment

38
Q

Genes on same chromosome

A

Linked genes

39
Q

Genes on different chromosomes

A

Unlinked genes

40
Q

A cross between a hybrid and one of its parents. If we have desireable trait to preserve

A

Backcross

41
Q

Cross between a plant having a dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive plant. This will determine whether plant with dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

A

Testcross

42
Q

Heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype to the two homozygotes

A

Incomplete dominance
(absence of dominance)

43
Q

exhibit range of phenotypes rather than discrete phenotypes as studied by Mendel

A

Quantitative traits

44
Q

Proportions of dominant alleles to recessive alleles in a large, random mating population will remain same from generation to generation in the absence of forces that change those proportions

A

Hardy-Weinberg law

45
Q

Random loss of alleles can occur if individuals do not mate as often

A

Small populations

46
Q

Most significant cause of exception to H-W

A

Selection

Botany (11 decks)

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