States of Consciousness Flashcards
Our biological clock is controlled by which part of the brain?
Hypothalamus
Which parts of the brain are involved in the changes in wakefulness, arousal, and attention?
Forebrain, reticular formation, and thalamus
Hypnagogic state
Transitional state of consciousness between wakefulness and sleep.
Common to experience involuntary and imagined experiences [hypnagogic hallucinations]
EEGs of stage 1 sleep show ____ waves.
Theta
[Higher in amplitude and lower in frequency than alpha waves]
In which stage of sleep does the EEG show sleep spindles [bursts of neural activity]?
Stage 2
EEGs of stage 3 sleep show ____ waves.
Delta
[Very high amplitude and very low-frequency delta waves]
REM sleep is often also called _____ sleep.
Paradoxical
- EEG shows beta activity (typical of wakefulness) and theta activity (typical of stage 1 sleep), but you are truly asleep
About 50% of our sleep is in which stage?
2
Activation-synthesis theory
During a dream, the pons generates bursts of action potentials to the forebrain, which is activation.
Dreamer then tries to make sense of the stimulation by creating a story line, which is synthesis.
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing that awaken the sufferer repeatedly during the night.
Night terrors
Most frequently childhood sleep disruptions from stage 3-4 sleep characterized by a bloodcurdling scream and intense fear.
Examples of tranquilizers
Benzodiazepines Valium, Xanax, and Rohypnol (“roofies”)
Tranquilizers are used to relieve anxiety, induce sleep, and prevent seizures.
Alcohol increases transmission of the neuro-inhibitor ____, decreases transmission of the excitatory neurotransmitter ____, and increases production of beta-endorphins.
GABA, acetylcholine
____ hormone helps track day length & seasons. It also regulates the sleep wake cycle.
Melatonin
Growth hormone is secreted by which gland?
Pituitary gland
Circadian rhythm
Biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24–25 hours
Biological clock
An internal timing device used to regulate various physiological responses, but it is not genetically programmed.
Which stage is also called slow wave, or delta, sleep?
Stage 4 sleep
An adult spend ____ percent of their sleep in REM sleep.
20%
Newborns sleep about 17 hours a day, and ___ percent of that time is spent in REM.
50%
Only about ___ percent of our dreams occur in stage 4 sleep and are less likely to be remembered.
5–10
____ is a mental state that encompasses all thoughts and perceptions that occur when we are awake.
Waking consciousness
An adult getting approximately 7-8 hours of sleep will go through ____ cycles of sleep.
4-5
____ waves are characteristic of the period before entering sleep.
Alpha
Before entering sleep, you briefly pass through a relaxed and drowsy state. ____ waves are characteristic of the period before entering sleep.
Alpha
___ waves are characteristic of REM sleep.
Beta
REM rebound
The idea that we go straight to REM sleep when we are sleep deprived.
Approximately how long is each cycle of sleep during a full night’s sleep?
90 min
Early in the sleep period, stage 1 only lasts about _____ minutes.
6–8
Which stage of sleep constitutes approximately 50 percent of the total sleep period in normal healthy adults.
Stage 2
_____ is the first stage of what is called slow wave sleep.
Stage 3
____ is the period of sleep when dreaming most commonly occurs.
REM sleep
In Freudian terms, _____ content consists of the parts of our dreams that we remember. Underlying this content are our unconscious thoughts and desires, which Freud called the _____ content.
Manifest, latent
