DSM V Disorders Flashcards
Pica
Eating disorder
Persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances over a period of at least 1 month
Eg: Paper, soap, cloth, hair, string, wool, soil, chalk, talcum powder, paint, gum, metal
Minimum age of 2 years
Rumination Disorder
Repeated regurgitation of food over a period of at least 1 month. Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out.
Does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia, bulimia, binge-eating disorder, etc.
Not better explained by an associated gastrointestinal or other medical condition.
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional and/or energy needs associated with one (or more) of the following:
- Significant weight loss (or failure to achieve expected weight gain)
- Significant nutritional deficiency
- Dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements
- Marked interference with psychosocial functioning
Insufficient intake or lack of interest in eating; develops in infancy or early childhood and may persist in adulthood.
Binge-eating disorder
Recurrent episodes binge eating that must occur, on average, at least once per week for 3 months
Accompanied by a sense of lack of control; inability to refrain from eating or to stop eating once started
Hypersomnolence disorder
Symptoms of excessive quantity of sleep, deteriorated quality of wakefulness, and sleep inertia (i.e., a period of impaired performance and reduced vigilance following awakening)
Difficulty waking up in the morning, sometimes appearing confused, combative, or ataxic.
Decline in motor dexterity, behavior may be very inappropriate, and memory deficits, disorientation in time and space, and feelings of grogginess may occur.
Cataplexy
Brief episodes (seconds to minutes) of sudden, bilateral loss of muscle tone precipitated by emotions, typically laughing and joking.
Individuals are awake and aware during cataplexy.
REM sleep behavior disorder
Repeated episodes of arousal, often associated with vocalizations and/or complex motor behaviors arising from REM sleep
Restless Legs Syndrome
Sensorimotor, neurological sleep disorder characterized by a desire to move the legs or arms, usually associated with uncomfortable sensations typically described as creeping, crawling, tingling, burning, or itching.
Somnambulism
Sleepwalking
Reactive attachment disorder
Characterized by a pattern of markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors, in which a child rarely or minimally turns preferentially to an attachment figure for comfort, support, protection, and nurturance.
Disinhibited social engagement disorder
A pattern of behavior that involves culturally inappropriate, overly familiar behavior with relative strangers. Violates the social boundaries of the culture.
Acute stress disorder
Development of characteristic symptoms lasting from 3 days to 1 month following exposure to one or more traumatic events.
Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event.
Recurrent distressing dreams, flashbacks
Persistent inability to experience positive emotions
Efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings
Sleep disturbance, problem concentrating
Difference between acute stress and PTSD
The symptom pattern in acute stress disorder must occur within 1 month of the traumatic event and resolve within that 1-month period.
If it goes longer, then it is PTSD
Adjustment disorder
The presence of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable (single or multiple) stressor.
Associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts and completed suicide.
Diff between adjustment disorder & acute stress disorder
Adjustment disorders can be diagnosed immediately and persist up to 6 months after exposure to the traumatic event, whereas acute stress disorder can only occur between 3 days and 1 month of exposure to the stressor, and PTSD cannot be diagnosed until at least 1 month has passed since the occurrence of the traumatic stressor.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Chronic, severe persistent irritability; frequent temper outbursts.
Occur frequently (3-4 per week) over at least 1 year in home and at school, and must be developmentally inappropriate.
Onset should be at 6-10 years.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Mood of lability, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms that occur repeatedly during the pre menstrual phase of the cycle and cease around the onset of menses.
Must have occurred in most of the menstrual cycles during the past year and must have an adverse effect on work or social functioning.
Difference between Cluster A, B & C personality disorders
Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear odd or eccentric.
Cluster B includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic.
Cluster C includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive- compulsive personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear anxious or fearful.
Idea of reference
The sense that events or the actions of others (e.g., talking, whispering, smiling) relate particularly to oneself.
Delusions
Fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence.
Types of delusions
Persecutory (belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and so forth by an individual, organization)
Referential (belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, etc. are directed at oneself)
Somatic (preoccupations regarding health and organ function)
Grandiose (when an individual believes that he or she has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame)
Nihilistic (conviction that a major catastrophe will occur)
Erotomanic (when an individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her)
Delusions of control
Belief that one’s body or actions are being acted on or manipulated by some outside force
____ hallucinations are the most common in schizophrenia and related disorders.
Auditory
Hallucinations that occur while falling asleep are called _____.
Hypnagogic
Hallucinations that occur while waking up are called _____.
Hypnopompic
Catatonic behavior
A marked decrease in reactivity to the environment. This ranges from resistance to instructions (negativism); to maintaining a rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture; to a complete lack of verbal and motor responses (mutism and stupor). It can also include purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause (catatonic excitement).
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Two negative symptoms are particularly prominent in schizophrenia: diminished emotional expression and avolition.
Diminished emotional expression: reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech (prosody), and movements of the hand, head, and face that normally give an emotional emphasis to speech.
Avolition: decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities. The individual may sit for long periods of time and show little interest in participating in work or social activities.
Other negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Alogia is manifested by diminished speech output.
Anhedonia is the decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli or a degradation in the recollection of pleasure previously experienced.
Asociality refers to the apparent lack of interest in social interactions and may be associated with avolition, but it can also be a manifestation of limited opportunities for social interactions.
Schizophrenia lasts for at least _____ months and includes at least ____ months of active-phase symptoms.
6, 1
In schizoaffective disorder, a mood episode and the active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia occur together and were preceded or are followed by at least ____ of delusions or hallucinations without prominent mood symptoms.
2 weeks
Delusion disorder
Presence of one or more delusions that persist for at least 1 month.
Apart from the impact of the delusion(s), functioning is not markedly impaired.
Behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd.
Individuals may be able to factually describe that others view their beliefs as irrational but are unable to accept this themselves. May engage in litigious or antagonistic behavior.
Most frequent type is persecutory.
Schizophreniform disorder
Duration: total duration of the illness, including prodromal, active, and residual phases, is at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
At least 2 symptoms of:
- Delusions.
- Hallucinations.
- Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence)
- Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
- Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition)
Intermediate between brief psychotic disorder and schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia
Symptoms to continue for at least 1 month
At least 2 symptoms of:
- Delusions.
- Hallucinations.
- Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence)
- Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
- Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition)
The psychotic features of schizophrenia typically emerge between this period.
Late teens and the mid-30s
Schizoaffective disorder
Assessment of an uninterrupted period of illness during which the individual continues to display active or residual symptoms of psychotic illness.
There is a major mood episode.
Delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode (depressive or manic) during the lifetime duration of the illness.
The incidence of schizoaffective disorder is higher amongst which sex?
Females
Typical age of onset is early adulthood.
In childhood, ADHD frequently overlaps with disorders that are often considered to be “_____ disorders,” such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder.
Externalizing
Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
Deficits in general mental abilities, and impairment in everyday adaptive functioning, in comparison to an individual’s age, gender, and socioculturally matched peers.
Adaptive functioning involves adaptive reasoning in three domains: conceptual, social, and practical.
San Phillippo syndrome
Rare genetic metabolism disorder. A change in a single gene makes a child’s body unable to break down certain carbohydrates (sugars). This leads to serious problems in the brain and nervous system.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Rare inborn error of purine metabolism characterized by the absence or deficiency of the activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)
The diagnosis for Global Developmental Delay is reserved for individuals under the age of ____ years when the clinical severity level cannot be reliably assessed.
5
There are ____ severity levels for ASD.
3
1- requiring support
2- requiring substantial support
3- requiring very substantial support
Atypical autism
Often described as a subthreshold diagnosis.
Presents some symptoms of autism but insufficient to meet criteria for a diagnosis of childhood autism (or autistic disorder).
Symptoms of ASD are typically recognized during the ____ year of life.
Second
First symptoms of autism spectrum disorder frequently involve ____.
Delayed language development
Often accompanied by lack of social interest or unusual social interactions
Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed ____ times more often in males than in females.
4
ADHD
Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.
Inattention as wandering off task, lacking persistence, having difficulty sustaining focus, and being disorganized and is not due to defiance or lack of comprehension.
Hyperactivity refers to excessive motor activity (child running about) when it is not appropriate, or excessive fidgeting, tapping, or talkativeness.
Impulsivity refers to hasty actions that occur in the moment without forethought and that have high potential for harm to the individual.
ADHD is more frequent in which gender?
Males
Dysgraphia is a term that refers to trouble with _____.
Writing
[Transcription related skills - writing, typing, spelling]
Tic
Sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.
A tic-like sexual or obscene gesture
Copropraxia
A tic of uttering socially unacceptable words, including obscenities, or ethnic, racial, or religious slurs
Coprolalia
Complex vocal tics include repeating one’s own sounds or words
Palilalia
“Positive” dissociative symptoms are _____.
Fragmentation of identity, depersonalization, and derealization
“Negative” dissociative symptoms are _____.
Amnesia
Dissociative amnesia
An inability to recall important auto-biographical information that 1) should be successfully stored in memory and 2) ordinarily would be readily remembered
Systematized amnesia
The individual loses memory for a specific category of information (e.g., all memories relating to one’s family, a particular person, or childhood sexual abuse)
Depersonalization
Experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside ob server with respect to one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions (e.g., perceptual alterations, distorted sense of time, unreal or absent self, emotional and/ or physical numbing)
Derealization
Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, life less, or visually distorted).
The DSM-IV term _____ was confusing and is replaced by somatic symptom and related disorders.
Somatoform disorders
Another term for conversion disorder
Functional neurological symptom disorder
Factitious disorder
The falsification of medical or psychological signs and symptoms in oneself or others that are associated with the identified deception.
Seek treatment for themselves or another following induction of injury or disease. The individual takes sly actions to misrepresent, simulate, or cause signs or symptoms of illness or injury in the absence of obvious external rewards.
Exaggeration, fabrication, simulation, and induction; deceptively report episodes of neurological symptoms; manipulate a laboratory test; falsify medical records; ingest a substance; or physically injure themselves or induce illness in themselves or another
Dementia is also known as _____
Major neurocognitive disorder
Delirium
Neurocognitive disorder with a disturbance of attention or awareness that is accompanied by a change in baseline cognition.
Reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention. Questions must be repeated because attention wanders, or they may repeat an answer to a previous question rather than appropriately shift attention.
Easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli; reduced orientation to the environment or at times even to oneself.
In delirium, the disturbance develops over a short period of time, usually hours to a few days, and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day, often with worsening in the ____.
Evening and night when external orienting stimuli decrease
The perceptual disturbances accompanying delirium include _____; these disturbances are typically ____, but may occur in other modalities as well,
Misinterpretations, illusions, or hallucinations; visual
