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Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

Mental retardation stemming from an extra 21st chromosome

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2
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

Found in females with only 1 X chromosome

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3
Q

Stages of prenatal development

A

Zygote: Sperm fertilizes the egg and forms zygote.

Germinal stage: Fertilized egg goes down the fallopian tube and attaches to uterine wall.

Embryonic stage: 8 weeks after germinal period. Size increases by 20,000 times.

Fetal stage: Begins 2 months post conception with measurable electrical activity in the brain.

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4
Q

Neonatal reflexes

A

A behaviour that occurs automatically in response to a stimuli

Blinking - closing eyes in response to light

Sucking - sucks when object paced in mouth

Rooting - turns head in direction of stimuli when applied to the cheek

Moro - abrupt movement of the head causing arms to splay out, fingers fan out and then arms come back to the body & baby hugs itself

Babinski - toes automatically spread when soles are stimulated

Grasping - automatically closing fingers when object is placed in hand

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5
Q

Locomotor development in infants

A 
Birth: fetal posture 
1 month: lift head 
2 months: lift chest 
3 months: reach and miss
4 months: sit with support 
5 months: sit on lap, grasp objects 
6 months: sit in high chair 
6.5 months: sit alone 
8 months: stand with help, stand holding furniture, pull to stand 
10 months: crawl 
11 months: crawl up stairs, walk when led, stand alone 
12 months: walk alone
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6
Q

Visual cliff experiment

A

Study by Gibson to test depth experiment on babies

2 month old show change in heart rate
6-7 month don’t go across

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7
Q

Assimilation & accommodation according to Piaget

A

Assimilation is the process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata.

Accommodation occurs when new information doesn’t really fit into existing schemata; it is the process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to this new information.

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8
Q

Stages of Piaget’s theory

A

Sensorimotor stage
Pre-operational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage

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9
Q

Features of sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 yrs

Learns relationship between actions and external world; grasp idea of cause and effect

Primary and secondary circular reactions

Object permanence - object continue to exist even when not in field of vision

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10
Q

Features of pre-operational stage

A

2-7 yrs

Egocentrism - inability to understand that others perceive the world differently than they do

Symbolic play - decentration (others are recipient of playful action), decontextualization (objects can substitute others), integration (combining play actions into complex sequences)

Develop theory of mind - Understanding that human behavior is guided by mental representations of the world.

Lack conservation

Centration - children pay attention on one part of a stimuli to the
exclusion of all others

Lack seriation, reversibility and relational terms

Animism - Children’s belief that inanimate objects have
“lifelike” qualities

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11
Q

Features of concrete operational stage

A

7-12 yrs

Understand seriation and relational terms

Reversibility - many physical reactions can be undone by reversing the original action

Emergence of logical thought

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12
Q

Features of formal operational stage

A

Adolescence

Logical thinking
Abstract thinking

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning (formulating general theory and deducing specific hypotheses from it)

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13
Q

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

A

The theory that intelligence develops largely as a result of internalization, by children absorbing what they observe in the environment and making it a part of themselves.

Development occurs in part through a zone of proximal development, which distinguishes what children can do on their own (zone of actual development) from what they can do with the assistance of others (zone of potential development).

Stressed that culture and social factors play a role in cognitive development.

Reciprocal teaching, scaffolding, guided participation, play

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14
Q

Scaffolding

A

Mental structures child can use when learning new skills. Adjusting levels of support to meet child’s needs.

Eg: visual aid, model & demonstrating, practice time, explaining in diff ways

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15
Q

Kolhberg’s stages of moral development

A

PRECONVENTIONAL
1 - Punishment & obedience
2 - Naive hedonistic orientation

CONVENTIONAL
3 - Good boy/girl orientation
4 - Maintaining social order

POSTCONVENTIONAL
5 - Legalistic orientation
6 - Universal ethical principle orientation

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16
Q

Bowlby attachment style

A

Attachment: A deep and enduring emotional bond between two people in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure when in the presence of the attachment figure.

Phase 1: Infant reacts identically to every adult & smiling face

Phase 2 (3 months): Infant discriminates familiar & unfamiliar faces

Phase 3 (6 months): Specific attachment - Infant seeks out and responds to mother; emergence of separation anxiety

Phase 4 (9-12 months): Stranger anxiety - response to arrival of a stranger

Phase 5 (2 yrs old): Distress level when separated from carer, degree of comfort needed on return

Phase 6 (3 yrs old): Child can separate from mother without prolonged distress

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17
Q

Harry Harlow attachment theory

A

To study the early relationship between caregiver and infants

Studied Rhesus monkeys; took them away from mother 6-12 hours after birth.

Kept in cages with 2 types of surrogate mothers - one wire cylinder with feeding nipple attached & another cloth covered wooden cylinder with no feeding option.

Monkeys preferred the cloth mother; contact comfort.

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18
Q

Mary Ainsworth attachment style

A

Strange situation procedure to study quality of parent-child relationship

Child kept in unfamiliar room with mother and plays with toys. After 3 min, stranger enters room and talking to mother and child. Then mother leaves and stranger interacts with infant. Then mother returns and stranger leaves. Then infant is left alone. Then stranger returns and interacts with infant. Then mother returns and stranger leaves.

3 attachment styles

  • Insecure avoidant
  • Secure attachment
  • Insecure resistant
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19
Q

Sequential cohort studies

A

Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional study; diff groups of diff ages studied across several years

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20
Q

Private speech according to Vyogtsky

A

Language as a means of thinking of mental activities and behaviour; way of guiding oneself

Private changes to inner speech - whispers, silent lip movement

Increases when tasks are challenging, confused on how to process, when mistakes are made

Inverted V shape

Private speech in children with learning difficulties - higher rate; maybe compensation for impairments in cognitive functioning

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21
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Range of tasks that are too difficult to accomplish by themselves; accomplished with assistance from adults or more skilled peers

Parents to keep task manageable and give prompts to make task manageable

Social interaction is key

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22
Q

Social referencing acc. to Bowlby

A

Degree that child looks at carer to check how they should respond to something new (secure base)

23
Q

Critical vs sensitive periods

A

Critical periods: if a specific event doesn’t occur at a specific time, then it will have an impact on development. E.g. Imprinting in Konrad Lorenz and duckings

Sensitive period is the time where if an individual is presented with certain types of stimuli then they would be better at learning or performing certain kinds of behaviour.

24
Q

Key developmental issues

A

Nature vs nurture
Continuity vs discontinuity
Qualitative vs quantitative
Stability vs change

25
Q

Cephalocaudal principles of development

A

Development occurs from top (head) to bottom (legs)

26
Q

Proximodistal principles of development

A

Development occurs from the center of the body

outward

27
Q

Presbyopia

A

Deterioration in sight due to age

28
Q

Presbycusis

A

Deterioration in hearing due to age

29
Q

Primary Aging & Secondary Aging

A

PA - Aging due to change in chronological age accompanied
by body deterioration

SA - Aging due to lifestyle factors and diseases

30
Q

Functional age

A

The measure of a person’s ability to function effectively in his or her physical and social environment in comparison with others of similar chronological age.

31
Q

Gilligan’s 3 stages in women’s morality

A
  • Orientation towards individual’s survival
  • Goodness as self-sacrifice
  • Morality of non-violence
32
Q

Damon’s positive justice

A

Level 0 [Age 4-5]
- I should get everything

Level 1 [Age 5-9]
- Strict equality and reciprocity; merit is most sacred

Level 2 [Age 10+]

  • Most aspects in life are relative
  • Sometimes special needs must be considered while others deserving people must benefit
33
Q

Social smiling develops about ____ age.

A

10 months

34
Q

Empathy develops about ____ age.

A

2 years

35
Q

Gender schema

A

Mental framework that categorizes the meaning of being male or female and the roles based on socialization

36
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

Matching of the parent personality and the infants temperament

37
Q

Phonology

A

Sound systems

38
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the rules for combining morphemes

39
Q

Syntax

A

The ways/laws/rules in which words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

40
Q

Criticisms to the nature vs nurture theory of language development

A
  • Novelty of sentences and words
  • Reinforcements exist even to half-correct words or sentences
  • Can’t explain how most children develop language around the same age
41
Q

Process of language development

A
  • Pre-linguistic communication
  • Babbling: making speech like sounds (3-12 months)
  • First words: (10-14 months till 18 months); rapid increase in vocab; holophrase
  • First Sentences: Around 18 months, linking two words together takes place to convey a single thought; telegraphic speech
42
Q

Hayflick limit

A

Genes stop cellular growth after a certain limit

43
Q

Autosome

A

Any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome

44
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

A group of adverse fetal and infant health effects associated with heavy maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy.

Characterized by low birth weight and retarded growth, craniofacial anomalies (e.g., microcephaly), neurobehavioral problems (e.g., hyperactivity), and cognitive abnormalities (e.g., language acquisition deficits); intellectual disability may be present.

45
Q

Teratogens

A

An agent that induces developmental abnormalities in a fetus. The process that results in these abnormalities is called teratogenesis.

Eg: Some medications, recreational drugs, tobacco products, chemicals, alcohol

46
Q

Plantar reflex

A

The involuntary flexing of the toes of a healthy child when the sole of the foot is stroked. (toes curl)

The plantar reflex appears around age 2 and replaces the earlier Babinski reflex.

47
Q

Range of reaction

A

Your genes provide the boundaries that define the minimum and maximum values for many of your characteristics. The space between these boundaries is called the range of reaction.

For example, your genes set an upper and lower limit on how tall you will be when you’re finished growing.

48
Q

A newborn’s brain is only about ____% of its adult size.

A

25%

49
Q

Define Motor development

A

The emergence of the ability to execute physical actions such as walking, crawling, reaching, and rolling.

50
Q

Temperament

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity.

51
Q

____ & ____ applied attachment theory to intimate relationships between adults. They found that there were many similarities between adult intimacy and caregiver-infant relationships.

A

Cindy Hazan & Phillip Shaver

52
Q

Four attachment styles in adults

A

Secure - Able to form deep relationships with intimacy and commitment; believe they’re worthy of love; no problem being alone

Anxious-Preoccupied - Seek high levels of intimacy very quickly in relationships; constantly worry whether partner’s affection is reciprocated; fear being alone and have a low sense of self-worth

Dismissive-Avoidant - Place a large value on their independence and self-sufficiency; avoid entering relationships or engaging in intimate situations; defensive and unwilling to discuss feelings

Fearful-Avoidant - Survivors of a traumatic event, such as abuse; desire close relationships, but also fear the potential negative implications of a relationship; difficulty with trust and dependence on others.

53
Q

Primary and secondary sex characteristics

A

Primary sex characteristics are bodily structures and processes directly involved with reproduction (such as the onset of the menstrual cycle).

Secondary sex characteristics are not directly involved with reproduction but that change dramatically during puberty based on sex (such as the development of male facial hair).

54
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory

A

Young adults tend to focus on acquiring information that will be useful to them in the future (recalling where they last left their keys), while older adults tend to focus on information that brings emotional satisfaction, such as thinking about their grandchildren.

Psychology (25 decks)

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