Intelligence Flashcards
Definition of intelligence
Individuals’ abilities to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by careful thought.
Charles Spearman two-factor theory
There is a single g-factor which represents an individual’s general intelligence across multiple abilities, and that a second factor [S] refers to an individual’s specific ability in one particular area
G factor - general mental ability that underlies multiple specific skills, including verbal, spatial, numerical and mechanical.
Factor analysis - procedure through which the correlation of related variables are evaluated to find an underlying factor that explains this correlation
Thurstone’s primary mental abilities
Identified 7 primary mental abilities that comprise intelligence, as opposed to one general factor
Verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial visualization, perceptual speed, memory, and inductive reasoning
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
Defined intelligence as a bio-psychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture
Proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
8 intelligences - linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, naturalist intelligence.
Most activities will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences.
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Proposed by Robert Sternberg, this theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
Analytical intelligence (aka componential intelligence) refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.
Creative intelligence is the ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas.
Practical intelligence is the ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life.
Emotional intelligence
Ability to monitor one’s own and other people’s emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behaviour.
(i) self-awareness, (ii) self-management, (iii) social awareness, and (iv) relationship management
Raymon Cattell’s theory of intelligence
Suggests that intelligence is composed of a number of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence.
Fluid intelligence - ability to problem solve in novel situations without referencing prior knowledge, but rather through the use of logic and abstract thinking. Can be applied to any novel problem because no specific prior knowledge is required. Inductive reasoning, abstract reasoning.
Crystallised intelligence - Use of previously-acquired knowledge, such as specific facts learned in school or specific motor skills or muscle memory to current problems. Leads to expertise.
Humans move from fluid to crystallized intelligence
Binet-Simon Scale
Created by Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
BS scale of 1905 comprised 30 items designed to measure judgment, comprehension, and reasoning
Questions that focused on areas such as memory and problem-solving skills for schools [12-13 yrs]
Stanford-Binet Scale
A contemporary assessment which measures intelligence according to five features of cognitive ability, including fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory. Both verbal and nonverbal responses are measured.
IQ = MA/CA x 100
90-109: Average
110-119: High
120+: Superior
WISC & WAIS
WISC: IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in children between the ages of 6 and 16.
WAIS: IQ test designed to measure cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents, including verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
Rather than calculating the number based on mental and chronological age, the WAIS compares the individual’s score to the average score at that level.
Flynn Effect
The observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide increase from decade to decade
Subtests on the WAIS
Verbal Test
- Information
- Digit span
- Vocab
- Arithmetic
- Comprehension
- Similarities
Performance Test
- Picture completion
- Picture arrangement
- Block design
- Object assembly
- Digit symbol
Mental retardation
Considerably below-average intellectual functioning combined with varying degrees of difficulty in meeting the demands of everyday life
Mild, moderate, severe, profound
Down syndrome
Genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down syndrome.
Causes intellectual disability and developmental delays.
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
This test consists of 60 matrices of varying difficulty, each containing a logical pattern or design with a missing part. Individuals select the item that completes the pattern from several different choices.
Focus primarily on fluid intelligence
