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Damage to ____ part of the brain can lead to severe impairment of recent memories
Hippocampus
___ is also known as fear centre of the brain
Amygdala
Reward and punishment centres for motivation sectors of limbic system lies in the _____
Amygdala
Parts of the hindbrain
Pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata
Parts of the midbrain
Various cranial nerve nuclei, tectum, tegmentum, colliculi, and crura cerebi
Parts of the forebrain
Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system, and the olfactory bulb
Motor cortex
Located in the rear end of frontal lobe
Responsible for more than 600 voluntary muscles in body
Upper portions of body responded by the lower portion of the frontal lobe; vice versa
The production of new neurons in the nervous system is called
Neurogenesis
Reduction of which neurotransmitter is related to Alzheimer’s disease
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is connected with depression, stress and panic disorders
Norepinephrine
An individual’s deliberate attempts to suppress or avoid certain thoughts renders those thoughts more persistent. This is known as ____.
Ironic process paradox
Abilene paradox
A group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of many or all of the individuals in the group.
You must maintain unwavering faith that you can and will prevail in the end, regardless of the difficulties, and at the same time, have the discipline to confront the most brutal facts of your current reality, whatever they might be. This is the ____.
Stockdale paradox
Hebephrenia is another term for ____.
Disorganized schizophrenia
Residual schizophrenia
A subtype of schizophrenia diagnosed when there has been at least one schizophrenic episode but positive symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior) are no longer present, and only negative symptoms (e.g., flat affect, poverty of speech, avolition) or mild behavioral and cognitive disturbances (e.g., eccentricities, odd beliefs) remain.
Eliminated in DSM V
Selective abstraction
The process of focusing on a detail taken out of context, ignoring other more salient features of the situation, and conceptualizing the whole experience on the basis of this element.
Beck’s cognitive distortions
- Arbitrary interpretation / arbitrary inference
- Selective abstraction
- Overgeneralization
- Magnification and minimization
- Inexact labeling
- Personalization
- Absolutistic, dichotomous thinking
Malingering
Pretend to be ill in order to escape duty or work.
Beck’s cognitive triad
a) cognitive bias; b) negative self-schemas; c) the negative triad
Negative cognitive triad by Beck
Negative thoughts about self, world, and future
Self-determination theory
The theory looks at the inherent, positive human tendency to move towards growth, and outlines three core needs which facilitate that growth.
Those needs are Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness.
Proposed by Deci & Ryan
_____ is called the “Third Force” in Psychology
Humanism
Impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience is called ____.
Cohort effect
Epigenetics
The study of heritable chemical modifications to DNA that alter gene activity without changing nucleotide sequence.
_____ established the first clinic in the US, focusing on the problems of children with mental deficiencies.
Lightner Witmer
____ attempted to cure patients by placing magnets on them.
Franz Mesmer
First person to practice hypnosis
Franz Mesmer
____ had a major impact on modern psychiatry and its understanding of mental illnesses based on natural scientific concepts.
Emil Kraeplin
On a ___ scale, respondents who endorse one statement also agree with milder statements pertinent to the same underlying continuum.
Guttman
- measures how much of a positive or negative attitude a person has towards a particular topic; one of the three major types of unidimensional measurement scales.
Input from our sensory receptors are structured by _____ principles.
Gestalt
STM holds info for _____ time.
50 sec or less
Ponzo illusion
A visual illusion in which the upper of two parallel horizontal lines of equal length appears to be longer than the bottom of the two lines when they are flanked by oblique lines that are closer together at the top than they are at the bottom.
The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other is termed as ____.
Linear perspective
Facial feedback hypothesis supports which theory of emotion?
James-Lange theory
Display rules
Social group or culture’s informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions
Who developed the device called the cumulative recorder?
BF Skinner
Mysophobia
Extreme or irrational fear of dirt or contamination.
Anthropophobia
Fear of people
Alogia
Inability to speak because of dysfunction in the central nervous system.
Alogia
Inability to speak because of dysfunction in the central nervous system.
Avolition
Failure to engage in goal-directed behavior, occasionally occurring in severe major depressive episodes.
Anhedonia
The inability to enjoy experiences or activities that normally would be pleasurable. It is one of two defining symptoms of a major depressive episode
What percentage of cases lie between mean and +/-2 SD in a normal probability curve?
95.44%
______ actually discovered the Type A behavior by accident after they realized that their waiting-room chairs needed to be reupholstered much sooner than anticipated.
Friedman and Rosenman (both cardiologists)
MMPI can be scored for ____ validity scales and ____ clinical scales.
4, 10
Spranger’s typology
A system of classification that sorts humans by six basic cultural values: theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious
Biederman’s theory
Biederman’s theory is based upon identifying an objects features and then using these to identify the objects geons and their relationship. Next the visual memory is called upon to see whether there is an object that matches up with what we have detected
Geons
Simple 2D or 3D forms such as cylinders, bricks, wedges, cones, circles and rectangles corresponding to the simple parts of an object in Biederman’s recognition-by-components theory.
Functional imaging of the brain is done through
fMRI, PET, MRI
____ is used to check if a person has a tumor.
CT scans
____ scans create pictures of the living, active brain; shows brain activity.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
- A radioactive dye injected into the bloodstream to detect neurological activity.
The magnetic field in an MRI scan causes the _____ atoms in the body’s cells to move.
Hydrogen
____ serves the purpose by providing a measure of a brain’s electrical activity; understanding of overall activity of the brain
Electroencephalography (EEG)
_____ shows changes in brain activity over time by tracking blood flow and oxygen levels; provides more detailed images of the brain’s structure, as well as better accuracy of function in time.
fMRI
