S.S 11/24/24

Question 1

What factors led to the agricultural revolution

Answer 1

Advances in technology and new inventions alowed people to alter their enviornment allowing them to increase farming.

Question 2

What did Jethro Tull invent

Answer 2

He invented the horse-drawn mechanical seed drill.

Question 3

How did the mechanical seed drill help produce more food.

Answer 3

This helped corn to be planted in rows, which limited waste and increased harvest.

Question 4

what was the open field system

Answer 4

Throughout history farming was done useing scattered strips of land. This ended with the enclosure acts.

Question 5

What were enclosure acts

Answer 5

Required land to be fenced in and consolidated. This allowed rich landowners to merge farmlands, but it harmed present farmers because their small strips of land could not compete.

Question 6

How did the four field/ crop rotation system and the introduction to fertilizers help farming

Answer 6

This system divided fields into 4 diffrent sections. Each produced a different food source each season which alowed more crops to be grown. Fertilizers also helped the soil be productive.

Question 7

Where did the industrial revolution begin

Answer 7

The industrial revolution began in Briten 1750s. This is because of the good geography, extensive coloneal empire, political stability, and thriving middle class. These changes spread to the US, and other parts of Europe and later to the rest of the world.

Question 8

What industry was the first to be mechanized?

Answer 8

Textiles –> cotton +woll pulled and twisted on a spinning wheel.

Question 9

What was the spinning Jenny

Answer 9

A single wheel allowed many threads to be spun at once by a single worker. Large amounts of threads could be made cheeper and quicker.

Question 10

What important invention was created by James Watt allowed machines in factories to be powered by coal instead of water?

Answer 10

The steam engine –> separate chambers for the steam to get hot + cool down

Question 11

What was the domestic system.

Answer 11

Before the industrial revolution, people made items in their home and sold it to the market.

Question 12

Describe working conditions in the factories

Answer 12

Long-dangourus work day and little pay

Question 13

What were some of the negative effects of the massive urbanization taking place in Great briten.

Answer 13

Shortages of fresh water, crime, over crowding, poverty, deforestation, growth of slums, polution, poor organized governments

Question 14

Before the industrial revolution, what forms of transportation did people have.

Answer 14

People traveled by animals or by foot. The roads were in bad conditions

Question 15

What inventions helped improve transportation.

Answer 15

Steam engines powered locomotives and creating railroads. Railroad construction required coal, iron, and steel.

Question 16

What was invented by Samuel Morse.

Answer 16

The telegraph

Question 17

What new social classes developed during the industrial revolution?

Answer 17

The middle class developed. –> 15% of the population and included people between the working class + upper classs.

Question 18

what new power did the middle class want as they grew in numbers.

Answer 18

A larger voice in government.

Question 19

Describle the lives of the poor working class

Answer 19

The poor made money off physical labor. The living conditions were horrible and work was long. Children became dorformed and crippled due to machine work. Living conditions were unsanitary and overcrowded.

Question 20

Describe three characteristics of capitalism:

Answer 20

Entrepreneurs risked their money in business, privetely owned bussnesses. Sold shares in the company to investors. This system set the stage for the industrial revolution.

Question 21

Role of the entepreneur

Answer 21

To organize, manage and assume responsibility for business on hopes of making a profit.

Question 22

Role of the worker

Answer 22

Former farm workers left their fomes in the countryside for jobs in more populated and industrialized areas. These workes provided their labors, for which they received wages.

Question 23

Role of the government - Laissez-Faire:

Answer 23

Nineteenth-century governments followed a policy of lassez-faire. This ment that the government did not interfere in relations between workers and business owners.

Question 24

Suffrage movements

Answer 24

The newly wealthy middle class (factory workers, merchants, and bankers) demanded greater political power. In the 1830s reform acts passed by parliament + behain extending voting rights to the middle class. Later reform bills further extended voting rights to the working class.

Question 25

Workers’ Unions

Answer 25

Some workers organized unions and threatened to strike if they didn’t get higher working conditions. Even those who believed in conservative values (Otto von Bismark) introduced social reforms

Question 26

Social Reforms

Answer 26

The injustices of capitalism began to bother the middle class. Robert Owen urged the creation of communities where everything is shared. This plan failed.

Question 27

Municipal reforms

Answer 27

made cities more clean and healthier to live in. Public health officials improved the quality of water and introduced sewer systems to prevent the spread of disease.

Question 28

Educational reforms

Answer 28

Education was improved with laws that made school move available to children. Parlement set aside funds for education, charities received money for education to all socioeconomic classes. There were free public elementary schools. But, schools were super crowded to do the population growth.

Question 29

Class struggle

Answer 29

Communists believe every society is divided into social classes in conflict w/ each other. In an industrial society, the main classes are the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production.) and the proletariat (workers)

Question 30

Capitalist exploitation of the workers

Answer 30

The rich prosper from the labor of their workers, who live in poverty. Business owners cheat the workers by taking most of the wealth they produce, leaving them with the barest minimum to survive.

Question 31

Revolution

Answer 31

Communists believe the bourgeoisie will never willingly give up their power. The workers will become so desprite that they will eventually join together and start a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie.

Question 32

Late 18c: French Economic Advantages

Answer 32

Napoleonic Code.
French communal law.
Free contracts
Open markets
Uniform & clear commercial
regulations
Standards weights & measures.
Established technical schools.
The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions.
Bank of France 🡪 European model
providing a reliable currency.

Question 33

French Economic Disadvantages

Answer 33

Years of war
Supported the American
Revolution.
French Revolution.
Early 19c 🡪 Napoleonic Wars
Heavy debts.
High unemployment 🡪 soldiers
returning from the battlefronts.
French businessmen were afraid to take risks.