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PE A-level > Sports Psychology Mr McGarrity (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Sports Psychology Mr McGarrity (Paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is arousal ?

A

it is a state of activation experienced by athletes before or during/after a performance. It is a energised and ready state.

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2
Q

What is the drive theory ?

A

this is where as arousal increases so does your performance.

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3
Q

What is the drive theory dependant on ?

A

The drive theory is dependant on what stages of learning you are as high arousal affects your decision making . Your dominant response is your response you are most likely to produce. A cognitive learner is likely to make more mistakes as their arousal level increase as their dominant action is not likely to be the right response. Whereas with a autonomous performer they are more likely to produce a correct action as arousal levels increase.

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4
Q

What is the Inverted-U theory ?

A

this theory suggests that as arousal increases so does performance, but only up to an optimal point. After the optimal point performance begins to decrease.

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5
Q

What does the optimal level depend on in the Inverted-U theory ?

A

experience, personality and the difficulty of the task

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6
Q

What is the catastrophe theory ?

A

this is where as arousal increases so does performance until there is a sudden slump in performance

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7
Q

How is the sudden slump caused in the catastrophe theory ?

A

it is caused by both somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety

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8
Q

Do different athletes have different zones of optimal functioning ?

A

yes

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9
Q

How does an athlete feel during the flow state ?

A
  • confident
  • calm
  • in control of their actions
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10
Q

How can peak flow be disrupted ?

A
  • poor mental preparation
  • pressure from the crowd
  • fatigue
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11
Q

What is anxiety ?

A

this is a state of nervousness and irrational thinking

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of different anxieties ?

A
  • Competitive trait anxiety
  • Competitive state anxiety
  • Cognitve Anxiety
  • Somatic Anxiety
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13
Q

What is competitive trait anxiety ?

A

this is a genetically inherited anxiety, where a person feels nervous in most sporting situations

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14
Q

What is competitive state anxiety ?

A

this is a temporary rush of anxiety that is caused by a threatening situation like a penalty in football

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15
Q

If a person has high trait anxiety are they more likely to experience competitive state anxiety during a stressful situation ?

A

yes

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16
Q

What is cognitive anxiety ?

A

This is a psychological anxiety, which is caused by irrational thinking. This will cause a lack of concentration.

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17
Q

What is somatic anxiety ?

A

this is a physiological anxiety. The symptoms of this anxiety are: increase in heart rate, sweating, muscular tension and potential sickness.

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18
Q

How does somatic anxiety affect arousal levels?

A

an increase in somatic anxiety leads to an increase in performance, however only up to a certain point. As when you pass the optimal point, performance begins to fall.

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19
Q

How does cognitive anxiety affect arousal levels ?

A

this has a negative effect on arousal levels. As cognitive anxiety increases, performance decreases.

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20
Q

What are advantages of a questionnaire ?

A
  • data produced can be analysed quickly, therefore players could start seeing benefits to their performance sooner
  • cheap
  • efficient: large numbers of people can be measured quickly
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20
Q

How can anxiety be measured ?

A
  • self-report questionnaire
  • observation
  • Physiological testing
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21
Q

What are disadvantages of a questionnaire ?

A
  • players might not answer truthfully, affecting the validity of the data
  • dependant on mood
  • time pressure could cause answers to be rushed leading to incorrect responses
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22
Q

What is an example of a questionnaire ?

A

Sports Competition Anxiety test (SCAT)

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23
Q

What are advantages of observation ?

A

true to life

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24
Q

What are disadvantages of observation ?

A
  • subjective
  • time consuming as prior knowledge of performer is required
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25
Q

What are advantages of physiological measuring ?

A
  • results are factual
  • can be measured in both training and competition. Advances in technology mean that heart rate can be measured by electronic devices in clothing and relayed immediately back to the coach.
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26
Q

What are disadvantages of physiological measuring ?

A
  • training is required to use devices
  • cost may deter amateurs
  • wearing a device can restrict movement, thus affecting performance
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27
Q

What are the benefits of goal setting ?

A
  • improves confidence as performer experiences improvements in their technique
  • if a player achieves their goals they experience pride and satisfaction, therefore this increases intrinsic motivation.
  • can increase motivation
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28
Q

What are outcome goals ?

A

these are goals based on results. For example winning the FA cap. Evaluation of the outcome goals is based on performance/outcome of others. If goal is reached motivation is maintained and if not it can negatively affect motivation and confidence

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29
Q

What are task-orientated goals ?

A

these are goals which are focused on the technique and individual performance of the player. An example of this is improving their personal best in long jump. Evaluation of a task-orientated goals is comparing with previous personal performances.

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30
Q

What make up the SMARTER principles ?

A
  • Specific
  • Measured
  • Achievable
  • Realistic
  • Time-bound
  • Evaluate
  • Re-do
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31
Q

What is specific in terms of smarter principles ?

A
  • goals have to be specific to performer
  • goals should be clear/relevant
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32
Q

What is measured in terms of smarter principles ?

A

form of assessment, such as statistics, to see how much progress has been made

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33
Q

What is achievable in terms of smarter principles ?

A

goals should be attainable

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34
Q

What is realistic in terms of smarter principles ?

A

should be within reach to maintain motivation .If goal is too easy, then not enough effort will be put in. If goal is too hard then anxiety can be caused.

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35
Q

What is time-bound in terms of smarter principle ?

A
  • short/long term goals are set
  • deadline should be set to see if goal has been reached
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36
Q

What is evaluate in terms of smarter principle ?

A

performer/coach should evaluate how and when goals was achieved, so that future attempts at reaching target can be assessed.

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37
Q

What is re-do in terms of smarter principle ?

A

if goal has not been reached, progress is slow, or performer thinks he can do better, then they should do it again.

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38
Q

What is motivation ?

A

the drive needed to succeed

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39
Q

What are the two types of motivation ?

A

*Intrinsic motivation
* Extrinsic motivation

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40
Q

What is intrinsic motivation ?

A

motivation from within. It is a feeling of pride/satisfaction.

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41
Q

What is extrinsic motivation ?

A

motivation from outside influences. Such as a coach. Extrinsic motivation can have tangible/intangible rewards. Tangible rewards are physical, whereas intangible rewards are non-physical

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42
Q

How can a coach maintain extrinsic/intrinsic motivation ?

A
  • using rewards early on
  • make the activity enjoyable
  • pointing out role models for performer to aspire to
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43
Q

What is achievement motivation ?

A

looks at how much desire a player has to succeed

44
Q

What is a need to achieve (NACH) performer ?

A

this is a performer who will keep on trying when things are tough, and they approach competition with enthusiasm and have a approach behaviour.

45
Q

What are the characteristics of a NACH performer ?

A
  • they are confident
  • take risks
  • seek pride from their performance
46
Q

What are need to avoid performers (NAF) performers ?

A

this is where a performer has a need to avoid competition and seek safe and secure options rather than risky ones. They show avoidance behaviour.

47
Q

What are the characteristics of a NAF performer ?

A
  • they will give up easily
  • lack confidence
  • take the easy option
48
Q

What sporting situations attract what type of performer ?

A

if the task is easy then NAF performer will will be drawn to these situations, however no sense of pride will be achieved. If the task is difficult and might not be completed successfully then NACH performer will be drawn to these situations, and will gain lots of pride if success is achieved.

49
Q

What are the 5 different types of strategies coaches uses to develop NACH performers ?

A
  • Reinforcement
  • Attributing success internally
  • Allowing success
  • Improving confidence
  • Goal setting
50
Q

How is reinforcement a strategy to develop NACH performers ?

A

coaches should offer praise/rewards to players who achieve their goal, so they continue to have the desire to do well in the future.

51
Q

How is attributing success internally a strategy to develop NACH performers ?

A

the coach should tell players that success was achieved because of something that they have done.

52
Q

How is allowing success a strategy to develop NACH performers ?

A

the coach should set tasks that can be accomplished in early development to improve confidence

53
Q

How is goal setting a strategy to develop NACH performers ?

A

goals should be achievable, and then new challenges should be set. These should not only concern winning, but also improving performance.

54
Q

What does achievement goal theory suggest ?

A

it suggests that motivation/task persistence depends on the type of goal set by the performer whether it is a outcome goal or a task-orientated goal.

55
Q

Why is a task-orientated goal seen as better than an outcome goal ?

A

with an outcome goal if the performer fails to reach that goal that can lead to a loss of motivation/confidence. In addition if outcome goal is deemed to difficult they will be discouraged or simply do a easier task, which will prevent them from improving. However with task-orientated goal success can be achieved regardless of the result and therefore confidence is maintained.

56
Q

What are the two types of confidence ?

A
  • Trait Confidence
  • State Confidence
57
Q

What is trait confidence ?

A

this is a consistent level of confidence shown in most situations.

58
Q

What is state confidence ?

A

this is where levels of confidence vary depending on the sporting situation a person is in . Confidence is also affected by personality and experience.

59
Q

What components are part of Vealey’s Model of Sports confidence ?

A
  • Objective Sporting Situation
  • State Confidence
  • Performance outcome
  • Subjective outcome
  • Trait Confidence
  • Competitive Orientation
60
Q

What is objective sporting situation in Vealey’s model ?

A

type of skill to be performed and the situation in which the skill is to be performed in.

61
Q

What is competitive orientation in Vealey’s model ?

A

this is the extent to which an individual is prepared to compete

62
Q

What is Subjective outcome in Vealey’s model ?

A

the extent to which an athlete perceives that they have been successful. If an athlete judges their performance as poor then trait confidence as well as competitiveness will decrease. If they judge their performance as good, this will increase trait confidence and competitiveness.

63
Q

What does the term self-efficacy mean ?

A

this is the belief in your ability to master a specific sporting situation. It is usually caused by an increase in confidence, when a performer feels pride.

64
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect self-efficacy ?

A
  • Performance Accomplishments
  • Vicarious Experiences
  • Verbal Persuasion
  • Emotional Arousal
65
Q

What is performance accomplishment as a factor for affecting self-efficacy ?

A

athlete is reminded of previous successes in the related skill or situation

66
Q

What is Vicarious Experience as a factor for affecting self-efficacy ?

A

when an athlete watches others of similar ability perform the problem skill successfully.

67
Q

What is verbal persuasion as a factor for affecting self-efficacy ?

A

this is convincing the athlete that they have the ability to perform the skill. Such as praise from a coach or a significant other.

68
Q

What is emotional arousal as a factor for affecting self-efficacy ?

A

this is when an athlete keeps calm and maintains arousal to ensure a good performance.

69
Q

What are some strategies to improve confidence ?

A
  • mental practise
  • Set tasks within ability
  • Point out past successes
  • Stress Management techniques
70
Q

What is mental practise as a strategy for improving confidence ?

A

athlete go overs sporting situation or skill in the mind

71
Q

What is sets tasks within ability as a strategy for improving confidence ?

A

allows success: if tasks are too hard confidence will be lost

72
Q

What is pointing out past successes as a strategy for improving confidence ?

A

this is highlighting previous successes as it will give players the confidence that they can repeat the good performance

73
Q

What is stress management techniques as a strategy for improving confidence ?

A

helps to control arousal, the lower the anxiety the higher the confidence

74
Q

How does the home team play better when playing at home ?

A
  • increased motivation from the supporters
  • leads to functional assertive behaviour
  • leads to social facilitation
75
Q

What is functional assertive behaviour in terms of home field advantage ?

A

this is where the home crowd can cause the home team to play with more drive, assertion and more correct responses

76
Q

What is social facilitation in terms of home field advantage ?

A

this is where people player better in the presence of others

77
Q

How does the home crowd have a negative effect on the away team ?

A
  • increases anxiety with hostile chanting
  • leads to social inhibition
78
Q

What is social inhibition in terms of home field advantage ?

A

this is where people play worse in the presence of others

79
Q

How can the home crowd cause the home team to play worse ?

A
  • could cause an increase in pressure to perform well, leading to an increase in arousal levels, which could lead to catastrophe
80
Q

What is the proximal effect in terms of home field advantage ?

A

home field advantage is increased when the crowd are closer to the pitch

81
Q

What is eustress ?

A

this is the positive feeling of stress

82
Q

What are some of the causes of stress ?

A
  • injury
  • playing an important match
  • playing for an important award
83
Q

What is cognitive stress ?

A

this is psychological. It includes negative thoughts, which leads to a loss of concentration. This loss of concentration could be link to attentional narrowing.

84
Q

What is attentional narrowing ?

A

this is where a persons ability to take in information from the environment is reduced due to increased anxiety. Therefore important information may be missed due to increased levels of stress.

85
Q

What is somatic stress ?

A

this is physiological. This includes an increase in heart rate, sweating and muscular tension. This can lead to a decrease in performance.

86
Q

What are the different cognitive stress management techniques ?

A
  • Thought stopping
  • Positive self-talk
  • Imagery/Visualisation
  • Attentional Control
  • Mental Rehearsal
87
Q

What is thought stopping as a cognitive stress management technique ?

A

a learned action to stop negative thoughts and redirect attention back on the task. To be successful it must be practised

88
Q

What is positive self talk as a cognitive stress management technique ?

A

replacing negative thoughts with positive thoughts

89
Q

What is attentional control as a cognitive stress management technique ?

A

this is preventing stress by changing focus to relevant stimuli

90
Q

What is visualisation/imagery as a cognitive stress management technique ?

A

this is recreating an image of an action from a past performance. For example doing the action in training, which then can be re-lived during the real game. Visualisation can be internal or external. External is the player visualising themselves performing that skill as if they were on television. Internal is looking and that feelings of performing the action such as kinesthesis.

91
Q

What is Mental Rehearsal as a cognitive stress management technique ?

A

this is going over the movements in the mind before an action takes place.

92
Q

What is cue utilisation ?

A

this is a theory that states that arousal levels affect a athletes attention during performance. At high levels of arousal only limited information can be processed leading to important information on being missed out on, leading to attentional wastage. At low levels of arousal the athlete is able to take in plenty of cues. At optimum levels of arousal the performer can pick up the relevant information and the performance will be most successful.

93
Q

What are attentional styles ?

A

these are used to avoid attentional wastage and are used for different sporting situations. If used correctly stress should be lowered and performance improved. An experienced player can switch through these attentional styles during a game.

94
Q

What are the different attentional styles ?

A
  • Broad: when lots of cues are identified
  • Narrow: focusing on one or two cues only
  • External: information from the environment
  • Internal: information from within
95
Q

What are the 4 combination of attentional styles ?

A
  • Broad/External
  • Broad/Internal
    *Narrow/Internal
    *Narrow/External
96
Q

What are the 3 different somatic stress management techniques ?

A

*Biofeedback
* Progressive muscular tension
* Centring

97
Q

What is biofeedback as a somatic stress management technique ?

A

this is the use of a measuring device to recognise physical changes that happen during a game, such as heart rate, sweating and muscular tension.

98
Q

What is centring as a somatic stress management technique ?

A

this is a from of breathing control. The performer learns to relax the shoulder and chest while concentrating on slow controlled breaths. This diverts attention away from stressful situations.

99
Q

What is progressive muscular tension as a somatic stress management technique ?

A

this is where muscles are tensed and then relaxed from the periphery of the body to the core.

100
Q

What does the term personality mean ?

A

this is the sum total of an individuals characteristics which them unique

101
Q

What are the 3 different personality techniques ?

A
  • Trait Perspective
  • Social Learning Perspective
  • Interactionist Approach
102
Q

What is a trait ?

A

this is a characteristic of personality which is inherited from birth

103
Q

What were Eysenck’s 4 different personality types ?

A
  • Extrovert: outgoing, sociable
  • Introvert: shy, nervous
  • Neurotic: display extreme and unpredictable behaviour
  • Stable: display predictable emotions in appropriate situations
104
Q

What are the limitations to the Trait Perspective approach ?

A
  • Can be seen as unreliable. As this theory views traits as fixed and long lasting. In addition not consistent in accurately predicting behaviour.
  • Fail to take into account the effect of a situation on an individuals behaviour
  • Does not take into account that people adapt their behaviour dependant on the situation in which they are in.
105
Q

What is the social learning theory ?

A

this is the belief that learning occurs through interacting with the environment and through the socialisation and influence of other people

106
Q

What is the interactionist approach ?

A

This is proposed by Hollander and he proposes that personality has 3 levels that interact with each other to form personality. This is also known as Hollanders Concentric Ring Theory.

107
Q

What are the 3 levels involved in Hollanders Concentric Ring Theory ?

A
  • Psychological core: this is where beliefs and values remain the same
  • Typical Responses: this is how an individual would usually respond in certain environmental situations
  • Role related behaviour: this is where an individual would act different in certain situations

PE A-level (10 decks)

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