Sports Psychology Mr McGarrity (Paper 2) Flashcards

Question

What are disadvantages of observation ?

Answer 1

* subjective * time consuming as prior knowledge of performer is required

Answer 2

* results are factual * can be measured in both training and competition. Advances in technology mean that heart rate can be measured by electronic devices in clothing and relayed immediately back to the coach.

Answer 3

* training is required to use devices * cost may deter amateurs * wearing a device can restrict movement, thus affecting performance

Answer 4

* improves confidence as performer experiences improvements in their technique * if a player achieves their goals they experience pride and satisfaction, therefore this increases intrinsic motivation. * can increase motivation

Answer 5

these are goals based on results. For example winning the FA cap. Evaluation of the outcome goals is based on performance/outcome of others. If goal is reached motivation is maintained and if not it can negatively affect motivation and confidence

Answer 6

these are goals which are focused on the technique and individual performance of the player. An example of this is improving their personal best in long jump. Evaluation of a task-orientated goals is comparing with previous personal performances.

Answer 7

* Specific * Measured * Achievable * Realistic * Time-bound * Evaluate * Re-do

Answer 8

* goals have to be specific to performer * goals should be clear/relevant

Answer 9

form of assessment, such as statistics, to see how much progress has been made

Answer 10

goals should be attainable

Answer 11

should be within reach to maintain motivation .If goal is too easy, then not enough effort will be put in. If goal is too hard then anxiety can be caused.

Answer 12

* short/long term goals are set * deadline should be set to see if goal has been reached

Answer 13

performer/coach should evaluate how and when goals was achieved, so that future attempts at reaching target can be assessed.

Answer 14

if goal has not been reached, progress is slow, or performer thinks he can do better, then they should do it again.

Answer 15

the drive needed to succeed

Answer 16

*Intrinsic motivation * Extrinsic motivation

Answer 17

motivation from within. It is a feeling of pride/satisfaction.

Answer 18

motivation from outside influences. Such as a coach. Extrinsic motivation can have tangible/intangible rewards. Tangible rewards are physical, whereas intangible rewards are non-physical

Answer 19

* using rewards early on * make the activity enjoyable * pointing out role models for performer to aspire to

Answer 20

looks at how much desire a player has to succeed

Answer 21

this is a performer who will keep on trying when things are tough, and they approach competition with enthusiasm and have a approach behaviour.

Answer 22

* they are confident * take risks * seek pride from their performance

Answer 23

this is where a performer has a need to avoid competition and seek safe and secure options rather than risky ones. They show avoidance behaviour.

Answer 24

* they will give up easily * lack confidence * take the easy option

Answer 25

if the task is easy then NAF performer will will be drawn to these situations, however no sense of pride will be achieved. If the task is difficult and might not be completed successfully then NACH performer will be drawn to these situations, and will gain lots of pride if success is achieved.

Answer 26

* Reinforcement * Attributing success internally * Allowing success * Improving confidence * Goal setting

Answer 27

coaches should offer praise/rewards to players who achieve their goal, so they continue to have the desire to do well in the future.

Answer 28

the coach should tell players that success was achieved because of something that they have done.

Answer 29

the coach should set tasks that can be accomplished in early development to improve confidence

Answer 30

goals should be achievable, and then new challenges should be set. These should not only concern winning, but also improving performance.

Answer 31

it suggests that motivation/task persistence depends on the type of goal set by the performer whether it is a outcome goal or a task-orientated goal.

Answer 32

with an outcome goal if the performer fails to reach that goal that can lead to a loss of motivation/confidence. In addition if outcome goal is deemed to difficult they will be discouraged or simply do a easier task, which will prevent them from improving. However with task-orientated goal success can be achieved regardless of the result and therefore confidence is maintained.

Answer 33

* Trait Confidence * State Confidence

Answer 34

this is a consistent level of confidence shown in most situations.

Answer 35

this is where levels of confidence vary depending on the sporting situation a person is in . Confidence is also affected by personality and experience.

Answer 36

* Objective Sporting Situation * State Confidence * Performance outcome * Subjective outcome * Trait Confidence * Competitive Orientation

Answer 37

type of skill to be performed and the situation in which the skill is to be performed in.

Answer 38

this is the extent to which an individual is prepared to compete

Answer 39

the extent to which an athlete perceives that they have been successful. If an athlete judges their performance as poor then trait confidence as well as competitiveness will decrease. If they judge their performance as good, this will increase trait confidence and competitiveness.

Answer 40

this is the belief in your ability to master a specific sporting situation. It is usually caused by an increase in confidence, when a performer feels pride.

Answer 41

* Performance Accomplishments * Vicarious Experiences * Verbal Persuasion * Emotional Arousal

Answer 42

athlete is reminded of previous successes in the related skill or situation

Answer 43

when an athlete watches others of similar ability perform the problem skill successfully.

Answer 44

this is convincing the athlete that they have the ability to perform the skill. Such as praise from a coach or a significant other.

Answer 45

this is when an athlete keeps calm and maintains arousal to ensure a good performance.

Answer 46

* mental practise * Set tasks within ability * Point out past successes * Stress Management techniques

Answer 47

athlete go overs sporting situation or skill in the mind

Answer 48

allows success: if tasks are too hard confidence will be lost

Answer 49

this is highlighting previous successes as it will give players the confidence that they can repeat the good performance

Answer 50

helps to control arousal, the lower the anxiety the higher the confidence

Answer 51

* increased motivation from the supporters * leads to functional assertive behaviour * leads to social facilitation

Answer 52

this is where the home crowd can cause the home team to play with more drive, assertion and more correct responses

Answer 53

this is where people player better in the presence of others

Answer 54

* increases anxiety with hostile chanting * leads to social inhibition

Answer 55

this is where people play worse in the presence of others

Answer 56

* could cause an increase in pressure to perform well, leading to an increase in arousal levels, which could lead to catastrophe

Answer 57

home field advantage is increased when the crowd are closer to the pitch

Answer 58

this is the positive feeling of stress

Answer 59

* injury * playing an important match * playing for an important award

Answer 60

this is psychological. It includes negative thoughts, which leads to a loss of concentration. This loss of concentration could be link to attentional narrowing.

Answer 61

this is where a persons ability to take in information from the environment is reduced due to increased anxiety. Therefore important information may be missed due to increased levels of stress.

Answer 62

this is physiological. This includes an increase in heart rate, sweating and muscular tension. This can lead to a decrease in performance.

Answer 63

* Thought stopping * Positive self-talk * Imagery/Visualisation * Attentional Control * Mental Rehearsal

Answer 64

a learned action to stop negative thoughts and redirect attention back on the task. To be successful it must be practised

Answer 65

replacing negative thoughts with positive thoughts

Answer 66

this is preventing stress by changing focus to relevant stimuli

Answer 67

this is recreating an image of an action from a past performance. For example doing the action in training, which then can be re-lived during the real game. Visualisation can be internal or external. External is the player visualising themselves performing that skill as if they were on television. Internal is looking and that feelings of performing the action such as kinesthesis.

Answer 68

this is going over the movements in the mind before an action takes place.

Answer 69

this is a theory that states that arousal levels affect a athletes attention during performance. At high levels of arousal only limited information can be processed leading to important information on being missed out on, leading to attentional wastage. At low levels of arousal the athlete is able to take in plenty of cues. At optimum levels of arousal the performer can pick up the relevant information and the performance will be most successful.

Answer 70

these are used to avoid attentional wastage and are used for different sporting situations. If used correctly stress should be lowered and performance improved. An experienced player can switch through these attentional styles during a game.

Answer 71

* Broad: when lots of cues are identified * Narrow: focusing on one or two cues only * External: information from the environment * Internal: information from within

Answer 72

* Broad/External * Broad/Internal *Narrow/Internal *Narrow/External

Answer 73

*Biofeedback * Progressive muscular tension * Centring

Answer 74

this is the use of a measuring device to recognise physical changes that happen during a game, such as heart rate, sweating and muscular tension.

Answer 75

this is a from of breathing control. The performer learns to relax the shoulder and chest while concentrating on slow controlled breaths. This diverts attention away from stressful situations.

Answer 76

this is where muscles are tensed and then relaxed from the periphery of the body to the core.

Answer 77

this is the sum total of an individuals characteristics which them unique

Answer 78

* Trait Perspective * Social Learning Perspective * Interactionist Approach

Answer 79

this is a characteristic of personality which is inherited from birth

Answer 80

* Extrovert: outgoing, sociable * Introvert: shy, nervous * Neurotic: display extreme and unpredictable behaviour * Stable: display predictable emotions in appropriate situations

Answer 81

* Can be seen as unreliable. As this theory views traits as fixed and long lasting. In addition not consistent in accurately predicting behaviour. * Fail to take into account the effect of a situation on an individuals behaviour * Does not take into account that people adapt their behaviour dependant on the situation in which they are in.

Answer 82

this is the belief that learning occurs through interacting with the environment and through the socialisation and influence of other people

Answer 83

This is proposed by Hollander and he proposes that personality has 3 levels that interact with each other to form personality. This is also known as Hollanders Concentric Ring Theory.

Answer 84

* Psychological core: this is where beliefs and values remain the same * Typical Responses: this is how an individual would usually respond in certain environmental situations * Role related behaviour: this is where an individual would act different in certain situations

Answer 85

this combines the trait and social learning perspectives. It proposes that personality and behaviour is formed when genetically inherited traits are triggered by the environment.

Answer 86

this is a mode of behaviour and is the typical response of an individual. Attitude can be positive and negative. Attitude can influence behaviour in a given situation.

Answer 87

* through experiences * through socialisation: observing and interacting with significant others * through reinforcement * Familiarity: experienced something a lot

Answer 88

this is the theory that attitude has 3 main components: * cognitive component: this is what you think; it represents your beliefs * affective component: your feelings/emotions * behavioural component: what you do: actions of the performer

Answer 89

* cognitive dissonance theory * Persuasive communication theory

Answer 90

this theory suggests that if a person hold two opposing ideas, dissonance will arise. It also states that altering any of the 3 components of attitude can bring about change

Answer 91

there are 4 elements to this theory: * The persuader: the person needs to be seen significant and of high status * The message: the message needs to be conveyed in a way that makes the person want to change attitude * The recipient: the change of attitude is made easier if the recipient already wants to change * The situation: timing the persuasion correctly so that most amount of change can be brought about and having support for encouragement

Answer 92

* reward successful elements of a performance * use positive role models * give positive reinforcement for correct behaviour/attitude * negative reinforcement for unacceptable behaviour * ensure training is enjoyable to maintain motivation

Answer 93

* intent to harm * outside of the rules * reactive

Answer 94

* controlled * not intended to harm * goal-directed

Answer 95

this is a trait perspective theory and claims that all performers are born with aggressive tendencies, which will arise if provoked.

Answer 96

aggression is seen as a learned response. Aggression can be copied from others, especially if reinforced. Aggression is learned from significant others such as: role models, teammates or a coach.

Answer 97

this theory suggests that aggression occurs when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated. This then leads to catharsis, where the aggressive act will reduce the aggressive drive. However if the performer is unable to release the aggression, the self-punishment will occur, leading to further frustration and an increase in the aggressive drive.

Answer 98

* poor play by the performer themselves * losing a game * disagreement with the official

Answer 99

this theory suggests that an increase in frustration, will lead to an increase in arousal and an increase in an aggressive response. However an aggressive response will only occur if learned cues are present to trigger the stimulus.

Answer 100

* walk away from a situation * use mental rehearsal to lower arousal * set non-aggressive goals

Answer 101

* substitute an aggressive player * reinforce non-aggressive behaviour * point out non-aggressive role models

Answer 102

* talk to players to calm them down * apply sanctions immediately * punish player by sending them off

Answer 103

he proposed that in sport there are 4 types of others who can be present when playing sport: * the audience: spectators * the competitors : in direct competition * the co-actors: doing the same thing but not in direct competition * social reinforcers: direct influence on the performance, such as coach

Answer 104

* experience of player: beginner will experience anxiety and over arousal when being watched, because they have little experience in the sport and are less likely to perform the correct movement automatically and will need much thought, and with the addition of pressure from the crowd, they are less likely in performing that correct movement.(social inhibition). Expert will be able to cope with the demands of the crowd and will be motivated by the support, because their actions will be well learned, therefore less thought upon performing the action. Therefore action can be well performed even under pressure.(social facilitation) * complexity of the skill: if the skill is simple then little concentration is needed, therefore more likely to perform correctly ( social facilitation). if the skill is complex it will require lots of information processing. and the ability to do this is reduced in stressful situations or when being watched, this will then increase in arousal and then less likely to deal with lots of information and then leading to social inhibition

Answer 105

this is the perceived fear of being judged by significant others when being watched. However this can have a positive and negative effect, depending on the type of performer. A nach performer will more likely flourish when being watched and naf performer may crumble under the pressure when being watched.

Answer 106

This is his theory that a team must go through 4 stages to begin working as a unit: Forming: this is where the group gets to know each other. Storming: potential conflict in this stage as individuals compete to establish their positions, status or role Norming: once conflict has been resolved, the team settles down and begins to cooperate. Performing: all the players are working together as one to achieve their goals. Players support each other and understand their role in the team

Answer 107

* size of the group * difficulty of the task * experience of the players

Answer 108

task cohesion: looks at the end of result of the team and everyone on the team fulfilling their individual role to achieve their goal social cohesion: its the interaction between the members and how they work together to achieve their goals.

Answer 109

Positives: * improve communication and team spirit, therefore increasing the effort of the group in training sessions and competitions Negative: * might cause sub-groups within the team and therefore friction. Decreasing team corporation and leading to social loafing

Answer 110

* Actual Productivity: the team performance during a game and links to the extent of a successful interaction * Potential Productivity: the maximum capability of the group when cohesiveness is a its peak * faulty processes: factors which can go wrong in team performance

Answer 111

* Co-ordination losses ( Ringelmann effect): any breakdown in teamwork of the group. * Motivational losses ( Social Loafing): an individual who suffers a decrease in motivation during performance and so withdraws effort.

Answer 112

* feeling that others in the team are not trying * feeling that performances are never valued by the coaching staff * if task is too difficult can cause a loss of motivation

Answer 113

* injuries * low sum of players overall ability * inadequate leadership

Answer 114

* structured training sessions, so that all players know tactics and strategies * give individuals special roles * give feedback to team to make improvements

Answer 115

* Train in front of a large audience: get used to being watched and learn to cope with other present * over learn skills: so dominant response becomes correct when arousal increases * improve selective attention: allows the performer to focus on important cues in the game rather than the audience * mental rehearsal: so performer remains calm and maintains arousal levels when other are present * reduce the importance of an event: so players are not put under too much pressure when they perform.

Answer 116

this is a mode of behaviour and is the typical response of an individual. Attitude can be positive and negative. Attitude can influence behaviour in a given situation.

Answer 117

* through experiences * through socialisation: observing and interacting with significant others * through reinforcement * Familiarity: experienced something a lot

Answer 118

this is the theory that attitude has 3 main components: * cognitive component: this is what you think; it represents your beliefs * affective component: your feelings/emotions * behavioural component: what you do: actions of the performer

Answer 119

* cognitive dissonance theory * Persuasive communication theory

Answer 120

this theory suggests that if a person hold two opposing ideas, dissonance will arise. It also states that altering any of the 3 components of attitude can bring about change

Answer 121

there are 4 elements to this theory: * The persuader: the person needs to be seen significant and of high status * The message: the message needs to be conveyed in a way that makes the person want to change attitude * The recipient: the change of attitude is made easier if the recipient already wants to change * The situation: timing the persuasion correctly so that most amount of change can be brought about

Answer 122

* injuries * low sum of players overall ability * inadequate leadership

Answer 123

* structured training sessions, so that all players know tactics and strategies * give individuals special roles * give feedback to team to make improvements

Answer 124

* reward successful elements of a performance * use positive role models * give positive reinforcement for correct behaviour/attitude * negative reinforcement for unacceptable behaviour * ensure training is enjoyable to maintain motivation

Answer 125

* not controlled * intended to harm

Answer 126

* controlled * not intended to harm * goal-directed

Answer 127

this is a trait perspective theory and claims that all performers are born with aggressive tendencies, which will arise if provoked.

Answer 128

aggression is seen as a learned response. Aggression can be copied from others, especially if reinforced. Aggression is learned from significant others such as: role models, teammates or a coach.

Answer 129

this theory suggests that aggression occurs when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated. This then leads to catharsis, where the aggressive act will reduce the aggressive drive. However if the performer is unable to release the aggression, the self-punishment will occur, leading to further frustration and an increase in the aggressive drive.

Answer 130

this theory suggests that an increase in frustration, will lead to an increase in arousal and an increase in an aggressive response. However an aggressive response will only occur if learned cues are present to trigger the stimulus.

Answer 131

* poor play by the performer themselves * losing a game * disagreement with the official

Answer 132

* walk away from a situation * use mental rehearsal to lower arousal * set non-aggressive goals

Answer 133

* substitute an aggressive player * reinforce non-aggressive behaviour * point out non-aggressive role models

Answer 134

* talk to players to calm them down * apply sanctions immediately * punish player by sending them off

Answer 135

he proposed that in sport there are 4 types of others who can be present when playing sport: * the audience: spectators * the competitors : in direct competition * the co-actors: doing the same thing but not in direct competition * social reinforcers: direct influence on the performance, such as coach

Answer 136

* experience of player: beginner will experience anxiety and over arousal when being watched, because they have little experience in the sport and are less likely to perform the correct dominant response.(social inhibition). Expert will be able to cope with the demands of the crowd and will be motivated by the support, because their actions will be well learned and they can control their arousal levels , therefore less thought upon performing the action and an increase chance of performing the correct dominant response. Therefore action can be well performed even under pressure.(social facilitation) * complexity of the skill: if the skill is simple then little concentration is needed, therefore more likely to perform correctly ( social facilitation). if the skill is complex it will require lots of information processing. and the ability to do this is reduced in stressful situations or when being watched, this will then increase in arousal and then less likely to deal with lots of information and then leading to social inhibition

Answer 137

this is the perceived fear of being judged by significant others when being watched. However this can have a positive and negative effect, depending on the type of performer. A nach performer will more likely flourish when being watched and naf performer may crumble under the pressure when being watched.

Answer 138

* Train in front of a large audience: get used to being watched and learn to cope with other present * over learn skills: so dominant response becomes correct when arousal increases * improve selective attention: allows the performer to focus on important cues in the game rather than the audience * mental rehearsal: so performer remains calm and maintains arousal levels when other are present * reduce the importance of an event: so players are not put under too much pressure when they perform.

Answer 139

This is his theory that a team must go through 4 stages to begin working as a unit: Forming: this is where the group gets to know each other. Storming: potential conflict in this stage as individuals compete to establish their positions, status or role Norming: once conflict has been resolved, the team settles down and begins to cooperate. Performing: all the players are working together as one to achieve their goals. Players support each other and understand their role in the team

Answer 140

* size of the group * difficulty of the task * experience of the players

Answer 141

task cohesion: looks at the end of result of the team and everyone on the team fulfilling their individual role to achieve their goal social cohesion: its the interaction between the members and how they work together to achieve their goals.

Answer 142

Positives: * improve communication and team spirit, therefore increasing the effort of the group in training sessions and competitions Negative: * might cause sub-groups within the team and therefore friction. Decreasing team corporation and leading to social loafing

Answer 143

* Actual Productivity: the team performance during a game and links to the extent of a successful interaction * Potential Productivity: the maximum capability of the group when cohesiveness is a its peak * faulty processes: factors which can go wrong in team performance

Answer 144

* Co-ordination losses ( Ringelmann effect): any breakdown in teamwork of the group. * Motivational losses ( Social Loafing): an individual who suffers a decrease in motivation during performance and so withdraws effort.

Answer 145

* feeling that others in the team are not trying * feeling that performances are never valued by the coaching staff * if task is too difficult can cause a loss of motivation

Answer 146

* injuries * low sum of players overall ability * inadequate leadership

Answer 147

* structured training sessions, so that all players know tactics and strategies * give individuals special roles * give feedback to team to make improvements

Answer 148

these are the perceived reasons given for winning and losing.

Answer 149

they are used to maintain motivation and effort. In addition it can help with task persistence

Answer 150

the first component of this model if locus of causality. This is the amount of control a player had over the result. It can be internal, within the control of the performer, or external out of the players control. the second component of the model is locus of stability. This states that reasons for winning can be stable and unstable. A stable attribute is where it could change in the long term, however does not have an instant impact. An example if you played a good team, there is a good chance that they will still be a good team when you play them next. An unstable attribute is one which has a instant impact, for example if you didn't put much effort into the game, there is a good chance your performances will change.

Answer 151

this helps to promote confidence and self esteem by promoting losses to external and unstable reasons. If this is done then the player will maintain motivation, as they know that they can change their performance for the better. Coaches should ensure that losses can be changed in the future with internal changeable factors such as effort.

Answer 152

this is when a player doubts their own ability to complete a task successfully

Answer 153

when a player blames failure on stable and internal factors

Answer 154

* negative feedback * lack of regular success

Answer 155

this is overcoming learned helplessness by changing the reason for failure using a number of strategies.

Answer 156

* positive reinforcement: to provide motivation * set tasks within ability to allow for success * set achievable goals

Answer 157

this is when the player has high confidence and believes in their ability and that success can be repeated and failure is temporary.

Answer 158

this is someone who influences you toward achieving your goal

Answer 159

* Emergent leader: this is a leader who already belongs to the group. * Prescribe leader: this is a leader who is selected from outside of the group

Answer 160

* good communication skills * inspirational * organisational skills * empathy

Answer 161

this type of leader tends to make all the decisions and are motivated to get results and complete tasks as quickly and effectively as possible. They will not delegate their responsibility and are best used for larger groups. If the coach is not present the group may fail to work together.

Answer 162

they adopt a more sympathetic approach and will seek opinions. They will delegate responsibility and focus on developing relationships. This group will usually continue to work together when the coach is not present.

Answer 163

this leader will set aside and allow the group to make its own decisions. This method can be used effectively with an experienced group, however if not experienced can create a breakdown in cohesion.

Answer 164

Fielder took into account the situation and that different leadership styles should be used depending on the situation. He suggested that autocratic leadership could be used in the most favourable situation, when everything is good and least favourable situation. He then suggested if the situation is moderately favourable, then democratic leadership style should be used.

Answer 165

he suggested that 3 influences must interact to produce effective leadership. * Situational characteristics ( required behaviour): the type of task, number of people in the team, time constraints etc. * Leader characteristics ( actual behaviour): experiences and personality * Group member characteristics ( preferred behaviour) : age, gender and experience