Sport and Society Miss Kieser Paper 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a drug ?
A
a drug is a substance which has a physiological effect when introduced into the body
2
Q
What are the social reasons for taking drugs in sport ?
A
- financial rewards for winning, such as sponsorship deals
- fame and celebrity status
- pressure and expectation to perform
3
Q
What are the psychological reasons for taking drugs in sport ?
A
- increase in confidence and reduced insecure feelings
- to reduce anxiety
- to increase aggression
4
Q
What are anabolic steroids ?
A
this is a drug which increases muscles mass , strength and power. Has an increase in protein storage in the muscles and can increase anaerobic capacity.
5
Q
Who would use anabolic steroids ?
A
weight lifters and sprinters
6
Q
What are the side effects of anabolic steroids ?
A
- heart disease
- liver damage
- high blood pressure
7
Q
What are beta blockers ?
A
this drug reduces anxiety. Can slow heart rate and breathing rate down and increase precision for fine motor skills.
8
Q
Who would use beta blockers ?
A
divers and archers
9
Q
What are the side effects of beta blockers ?
A
- Fatigue due to low blood pressure
- dizziness
- low aerobic capacity
10
Q
What is EPO ?
A
this drug increases haemoglobin levels. It leads to an increase in oxygen carrying capacity resulting in an increase in aerobic energy production. Increases cardiovascular endurance and the effects of fatigue. As well as this it can increase recovery time.
11
Q
Who would use EPO ?
A
endurance athletes: cyclists
12
Q
What are the side effects of EPO ?
A
- increase in blood viscosity
- stroke
- blood clotting
13
Q
What are positive implications of drug taking on the sport ?
A
- raises the performance levels in the sport
14
Q
What are the negative implications of drug taking on the sport ?
A
- a sport may lose integrity through a few high profile cases
- the reputation of the sport is at risk
- negative role models are produced
15
Q
What are the positive implications of drug taking on the performer ?
A
- use of PED’s can increase performance levels and chances of winning
- winning can lead to fame and fortune through sponsorship deals and prize money
16
Q
What are the negative implications of drug taking on the performer ?
A
- increased health risks on the performer in the short and long term
- could lead to legal action and jail sentences
- following a positive test an athlete may lose sponsorship deals and future earnings
17
Q
What is UKAD ?
A
this is a UK Anti-doping organisation who are dedicated to protect the athletes right to participate in clean sport. They work with NGB’s to make sure the sports complies with the World Anti-doping code.
18
Q
What is the Athlete Biological Passport ?
A
this detects physiological changes over time to see if an athlete has taken any banned substances
19
Q
What is the ‘100% me’ programme ?
A
this is a UKAD programme for athletes to be educated and raise awareness about drug taking in sport
20
Q
What challenges are still faced with drug taking ?
A
- accurate testing: there are new drugs which are being developed which are hard to detect
- UKAD are a leading country in the fight against drug taking in sport, however not all countries have the same approach due to a number of factors such as lack of government funding.
- Variation and lack of standardisation in terms of sanctions globally
21
Q
What are the advantages of the golden triangle ?
A
- increased income to the sport allowing events to be televised
- increased promotion of the sport to gain more fans and increase in popularity
- improved facilities benefit spectator and performer
22
Q
What are the disadvantages of the golden triangle ?
A
- possibility of media coverage which focuses on the negative aspect of the sport
- the media and sponsors can change the nature of a sporting activity
- the media and sponsor only televise already popular, high profile sports
23
Q
What is OFCOM ?
A
this is the communication regulator in the UK
24
Q
What is ringfenced ?
A
this is where a number of sporting events at national and international level must be available for viewing on free-to-access TV.
25
What is the reason for Ringfenced sporting events ?
* to give everyone the luxury to watch the sporting event
* to enable the viewing of certain sporting events which are seen as our sporting heritage and culture.
26
What are the advantages of media coverage for a sport ?
* increase the profile of the sport
* increase participation levels within a sport as a result of TV coverage which encourages others to take part
* increase standards in performance and behaviour as a result of media coverage
27
What are disadvantages of media coverage for a sport ?
* the traditional nature of the sport is lost as NGB's lose control over the sport to the media and sponsors
* There are inequalities of coverage: more popular sports are more frequently covered than less popular sports such as squash
* more breaks in play can disrupt the spectator experience
28
What are the positive effects of commercialisation on elite performers ?
* increased wages
* increased availability of contracts where performers are able to devote themselves fully to the sport
* increased funding to pay for access to high quality training support and specialist equipment
29
What are the negative effects of commercialisation on elite performers ?
* increased pressure to win to maintain high level prize money
* an increase in deviant behaviour due to increased pressure to win
* sponsors become too demanding on the player
30
What is an example of a company that specialises in collecting quantitative data ?
Opta
31
What is video analysis ?
this is the use of high speed cameras and computer software to capture frame by frame footage for detailed video analysis.
32
Why is video analysis used ?
* to correct technique
* minimise potential injuries
* rehabilitate athletes
33
What are different programmes of video analysis ?
*prozone
* dartfish
34
What is a metabolic cart ?
this test measure how much energy a person is using during rest. By measuring the amount of oxygen an individual consumes against the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled out of the body. The results are measured in resting energy expenditure kcal
35
What used does the metabolic cart have for sport ?
* to calculate minimal nutritional needs
* to estimate additional energy requirements needed for activities
* to predict total calories to maintain, lose or gain weight.
36
What are the drawbacks of the metabolic cart ?
* many factors can affect metabolism prior to testing such as: drugs, nutrition
* possible inaccurate data due to air leaks
* difficult to use for all age categories
37
What are the use of GPS tracking devices in sport ?
* distance and intensities can inform coaches of the player's current workload
* talent identification to choose athletes with high fitness levels
* widely accessible. Any athlete can use it from amateur to elite.
*
38
How can data be compromised ?
* targeted threats such as viruses
* human error when processing
* hardware malfunctions
39
How can date loss be minimised ?
* virus protection
* checking date for anomalies or human error
* do not leave devise unattended
40
How is fitness of a performer monitored ?
range of sport analytical devices such as heart rate monitors are able to track and record data for further analysis. Data such as distance covered and sleep patterns can be made accessible to all athletes from grassroots to the elite.
41
How does vibration technology prevent injury ?
the theory behind standing or performing on a vibration plate is that additional muscles fibres are recruited, which in turn increase the force of contraction. It also increases blood flow to the working muscles allowing for a faster recovery time.
42
What are the possible health benefits from vibration technology ?
* increased muscular strength
* increased muscles flexibility
* increased blood circulation
43
How does electrical stimulation aid with injury prevention ?
it can assist the recovery process by maintaining muscles mass and strength during periods of immobilisation. In addition it strengthens joint strength and stability.
44
What are bespoke wheelchairs ?
these are specific wheelchairs for different sports to ensure safety and performance.
45
How have prosthetics been developed throughout the years to aid paralympic athletes ?
* the use of carbon fibre material to enhance the overall performance of an athlete
46
What is the 'Places people play' initiative ?
develops sport facilities for local and community use
47
What are the positive impacts of technology on sport ?
* improves overall performance in sport
* to make sport more accessible through adaptive equipment for the elderly and disabled.
* provides meaningful objective data for players and coaches
48
What are the negative impacts of technology on sport ?
* slows the nature of the game down. The use of VAR causes breaks in play, fans could become frustrated
* can be expensive to afford, only the rich teams can afford, creating an ever bigger gap between the big teams and small teams
* games and tactics may become data driven rather than reacting to a given situation
49
What are the positive impacts of technology on the performer ?
* improved recovery from training and injury, such as the use of electro stimulation
* Increased knowledge of diet and nutrition, for example the metabolic cart can be used to predict calories needed during training
* Improvements in drug testing. Allowing athletes to participate in fairer sport, by banning athletes who use illegal substances to enhance performance
50
What are the negative impacts of technology on the performer ?
* advancements in undetectable PED's, that allow athletes to continue performing without being detected
* inequality: only the rich can afford the high level equipment
* an increase in injury due to playing surphace, developing skin abrasions on 3G/4G pitches
51
What are the positive impacts of technology on the coach ?
* providing objective and reliable data for analysis pre during and post game
* allowing targets to be set
* informing workload intensity in training
52
What are the negative impacts of technology on the coach ?
* other teams could analyse your tactics through the use of prozone, and exploit weaknesses
* an over reliance on data could lead to less decision making and creativity from a performer
* data may not give true reflection of the match, for example the reason a player didn't run a certain distance was due to the team they were playing against
53
What are the positive impacts on technology on the audience ?
* spectators can have live statistics on the match they are watching
* viewers can replay, pause and rewind live events in the comfort of their home
* high speed digital cameras are now used to capture performance and present this to the viewer at home
54
What are the negative impacts on technology on the audience ?
* the slowing of the game down by VAR
* reduction in fans attending matches as they can watch the game at home
* reduced atmosphere of watching a match live on TV
55
What are characteristics of physical recreation ?
* participation is more important than winning
* less serious, lower levels of importance
* voluntary performance
56
What are benefits of physical recreation on the individual ?
* improves physical skills
* improves health and fitness
* relieves stress
57
What are benefits of physical recreation on society ?
* healthier society, therefore less pressure on the NHS
* reduces obesity rates
* reduces crime rates
58
What are characteristics of sport ?
* competitive
* highly structured and strict rules
* high levels of skill and effort
59
What are benefits of sport on the individual ?
* develops morals and sportsmanship
* increased leadership
* increased social development
60
What are benefits of sport on society ?
* increased role models
* increased mood
* increased entertainment for spectators
61
What are characteristics of PE ?
* compulsory
* follows the national curriculum
* highly structured and planned lessons
62
What are benefits of PE ?
* helps students lead healthy lives
* develops values such as fairness
* improves social skills
63
What are characteristics of outdoor adventure activities as part of PE ?
* often takes place in natural environments such as mountains, lakes etc
* activities such as hiking and kayaking
* increases cognitive skills and decision making
