PE Paper 1 Content (Skill Acquisition Mr Mcgarrity) Flashcards
1
Q
Define the term Skill?
A
a learned action to bring about a predestined result
2
Q
What characteristics make a skill look good?
A
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
3
Q
What is an open skill ?
A
a skill which is in an unpredictable environment
4
Q
What is an example of a open skill?
A
a pass in basketball
5
Q
What is a closed skill ?
A
a skill which is in a predictable environment
6
Q
What is an example of a closed skill?
A
a vault in gymnastics
7
Q
What is a gross skill ?
A
a gross skill is a skill which uses large muscle groups
8
Q
What is an example of a gross skill ?
A
a tackle in rugby
9
Q
What is a fine skill?
A
a skill which uses smaller muscle groups
10
Q
What is an example of a fine skill ?
A
a serve in table tennis
11
Q
What is a self-paced skill ?
A
a skill in which the performer controls the speed of the skill and when to start the skill to a certain extent
12
Q
What is an example of a self-paced skill?
A
a serve in badminton
13
Q
What is a externally-paced skill ?
A
a skill in which the performer has no control over the speed of the skill or when to start the skill.
14
Q
What is an example of an externally paced skill?
A
receiving a pass in basketball
15
Q
What is a discrete skill ?
A
a skill which has a clear beginning and end
16
Q
What is an example of a discrete skill ?
A
a serve in badminton
17
Q
What is a continuous skill ?
A
a skill which has no clear beginning or end
18
Q
What is an example of a continuous skill ?
A
100ms sprint
19
Q
What is a serial skill?
A
a skill in which several discrete skills are linked together in a specific order.
20
Q
What is an example of a serial skill ?
A
triple jump
21
Q
What is a low organised skill ?
A
a skill which is easily broken down into parts
22
Q
What is an example of a low organised skil?
A
triple jump
23
Q
What is a highly organised skill?
A
a skill which cannot be easily broken down into parts
24
Q
What is an example of a highly organised skill?
A
a bicycle kick in football
25
What is a positive transfer?
when the learning of one skill helps the learning of another skill
26
What is an example of a positive transfer of skills?
a shot in netball and a free-throw in basketball
27
What is a negative transfer?
when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
28
What is zero transfer?
when the learning of one skill has no affect on the learning of another.
29
What is bilateral transfer?
when the learning of a skill transfers across the body from limb to limb
30
What is whole practise?
performing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into parts
31
What are advantages of whole practise?
* helps to make the skill consistent
* gives a feel of the whole skill
* helps to create mental image of skill
32
What are some disadvantage of whole practise?
* possibility of fatigue
* may be to much information to process
* may have unceccesary demand on the performer
33
What is whole-part-whole practise ?
this is where the performer attempts the whole skill to get an initial feel for the movement. However after, he breaks down the skill and he analyse the strengths and weaknesses.
34
What are some advantage of whole-part-whole practise ?
* can provide motivation
* provides immediate feedback
* fluency of subroutines can be maintained
35
What is one disadvantage of whole-part-whole practise ?
more time consuming
36
What is progressive part practise ?
the first part of the skill is taught and the rest is added in sequence
37
What are some advantages of progressive part practise ?
*less fatigue
* learners can focus on one aspect of the task
* may improve confidence
38
What are some disadvantages of progressive part practise ?
* danger of negative transfer
* neglects the feel of the whole skill
* time consuming
39
What is massed practise ?
continuous practise with no rest between sessions
40
What are some advantages of massed practise ?
*makes the skill almost automatic
* promotes fitness
* motor programmes can be stored more easily
41
What are some disadvantages of a massed practise ?
* can produce fatigue
* practise has to be kept simple to keep motivation high
* danger of negative transfer if it does not replicated game like situations
42
What is distributed practise ?
involves rest intervals between sessions
43
What are some advantages of distributed practise ?
* can use mental practise during breaks
* good for beginners as feedback can be given
* safer way to practise more dangerous skills
44
What are some disadvantage of distributed practise ?
*time consuming
* not useful for elite performers
* cant be used for quick progress
45
What is varied practise ?
this is where drills are changed to reflect the changing environment of game play
46
What is an advantage of varied practise ?
adds fun
47
What is a disadvantage of varied practise ?
time consuming
48
What is mental practise ?
athletes go through performance in their mind. Provides preparation for the performance.
49
What are the 3 stages of learning
cognitive, associative and autonomous
50
What is the cognitive stage ?
the performer has a basic understanding of the skill and is still learning the movement and frequent errors occur. Therefore the performer relies on extrinsic feedback to improve.
51
What is the associative stage ?
the performer has a great understanding of the skill and does less frequent mistakes.
52
What is the autonomous stage ?
movement is automatic and because his movement and technique is so good it is difficult to improve or critique therefore mostly only intrinsic feedback is given.
53
What is intrinsic feedback ?
feedback from within
54
What is extrinsic feedback ?
feedback from external sources
55
What is positive feedback ?
involves praise and encouragement
56
What is negative feedback ?
constructive criticism focusing on incorrect technique and performance
57
What is knowledge of results ?
did I reach my end goal or result
58
What was the knowledge of performance ?
was the movement correct
59
What are the causes of a learning plateau ?
* focus
* fatigue
* boredom
* variation
60
What are the solutions of a learning plateau ?
* increase intensity
* include rest periods
* add suitable competition
61
What is a learning plateau ?
when the performer stops improving and a slump might occur in the players ability to do the skill.
62
What are the 4 stages of a learning plateau ?
* In stage 1 rate of learning is low and performance is low
* In stage 2 there is a rapid acceleration in the rate of learning and the performer has gained progress
* In stage 3 there is no improvement in rate of leaning, performance has plateaued
* In stage 4 performance may deteriorate due to fatigue
63
How can a coach make sure that a successful transfer of learning takes place ?
* by motivating the player
* ensuring that the original task is well learnt
* make practise sessions realistic
64
What is visual guidance ?
a demonstration of the task, it creates a mental image.
65
What is one advantage of visual guidance ?
can be used to highlight key weaknesses
66
What is one disadvantage of visual guidance ?
to much information can cause confusion
67
What is verbal guidance ?
an explanation of the task
68
What is manual guidance ?
involves physical support
69
What is one advantage of manual guidance ?
builds confidence
70
What is one disadvantage of manual guidance ?
can interfere with the feel of the task
71
What is mechanical guidance ?
a device to assist performance
72
What is one advantage of mechanical guidance ?
builds confidence
73
What is one disadvantage of mechanical guidance ?
if used for too long it can interfere with the feel of the skill
74
What is the theory of learning known as operant conditioning ?
it links with the idea of reinforcement. Rewarding performers increases chance of action being repeated again and vice versa with criticizing performers increases chance of incorrect action being removed.
75
What is a stimulus response bond ?
the link between the stimulus and response is strengthened
76
What is the theory of learning known as Observational learning ?
this theory suggests that acceptable and unacceptable behavior can be learned through copying and watching other people
76
What are the 3 different types of reinforcements ?
* Punishment : doing something to remove incorrect behavior or action
* Positive reinforcement : praise and rewards
* Negative reinforcement : taking away incorrect behavior
77
What are the 4 processes in which a person learns a skill through observation ?
1. Attention: you have to catch the attention of the learner, therefore making the explanation concise and accurate and must point out the purpose of the skill.
2. Retention: ability to remember the information and be able to re-call it. Break information into small chunks.
3. Motor reproduction: make sure the player is physically capable of copying the demonstration .
4. Motivation: give praise, rewards and positive feedback.
78
What is the theory of learning known as the Social development theory ?
this theory states how you learn a skill through interacting with others, such as a coach and they can give you advice or examples
79
What is inter-psychological learning ?
this is the process where you learn a skill from a coach. This is external advice.
80
What is intra-psychological learning ?
this is learning from within and constructing improvements and advice based on what you have learned from your external advice
81
What is constructivism ?
this is where learning can be constructed into stages.
82
What are the stages which make up constructivism ?
Stage 1: What can I do alone ?
Stage 2: What can I do with help ?
Stage 3: What can I not do yet ?
83
What is input in the information processing model ?
during this stage the performer uses their senses to pick up information from the sporting environment, also known as the display.
84
What is the receptor system ?
the senses that pick up the information from the display
85
What is decision making in the information processing model ?
this is where a performer must make a decision based on all the information collected by the senses
86
What is selective attention ?
this is where a performer receives a host of information and must be able to filter the important aspects of that information and disregard the irrelevant things
87
How can selective attention be improved ?
* through the use of rewards
* mental practice
88
What are the benefits of selective attention ?
* it improves reaction time
* it improves the chances of making a correct decision
89
What is involved in the perceptual stage ?
* Detection: performer has picked up relevant information using the senses and selective attention
* Comparison: trying to match the identified information to information already in the memory
* Recognition: performer has used the information from memory to identify an appropriate response
90
What is the translatory mechanism ?
this helps to convert information so that decisions can be made. The translating mechanisms uses past experiences and draws up from the memory.
91
What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model ?
it has control over all of the information entering and leaving the working memory
92
What is the role of the phonological loop in the working memory model ?
* its function is to deal with auditory information
* this then produces a memory trace
* this is then sent to the LTM, where it can trigger a motor programme , which then produces movement
93
What is a memory trace ?
this a person's initial mental idea of a skill
94
What is the role of the Visuospatial sketchpad in the working memory model ?
* its function is to deal with visual and spatial information
* it also helps process information about the feel of a movement
* it is divided into two sections : visual cache and inner scribe
* visual cache deals with color and form (shape)
the inner scribe deals with spatial and movement information
95
What is the role of the episodic buffer in the working memory model ?
* it is responsible for coordinating the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad into sequences.
* these sequences produce patterns of skilled actions and are sent to the LTM
* these sequences start a motor programme, which produces movement
96
What is a schema ?
this is an adapted motor programme, the core principle is that movement can be taken from existing motor programmes and then adapted, using information from the environment and feedback
97
What are the two sections of a schema ?
recall and recognition
98
What are the two parts in recall ?
initial conditions and response specifications
99
What are the two parts in recognition ?
sensory consequences and response outcomes
100
What is recall ?
this is responsible for initiating the movement and happens before the action takes place
101
What is initial conditions ?
this can be summed up as Where am I ?
102
What is response specifications ?
this can be summed up as What do I need to do ?
103
What is recognition ?
this is used to control the movement and happens during the action
104
What is sensory consequences ?
this is the uses of senses to help guide the movement
105
What is response outcomes ?
this is where you use feedback to assess the action which you did, if the action has been successful then the schema has been successful however if not adjustments are made and the motor programme is adapted.
106
How can schema be used successfully ?
* using varied practise
* positive reinforcement provides motivation
107
What is response time ?
total time it takes from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of the task. In a 100m race the response time would be the time between hearing the gun and finishing the race.
108
What is reaction time ?
this is the time it takes from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of the response. In a 100m race the reaction is the time between hearing the gun and pushing of the blocks.
109
What is movement time ?
is the time it takes to complete the task after the
information processing has taken place. In a 100m race the movement time is the time between pushing of the blocks and finishing the race.
110
What is simple reaction time ?
a simple reaction time is when there is one specific response to 1 stimulus. Only having once choice therefore would produce a faster reaction time
111
What is choice reaction time ?
this is where you are choosing from numerous stimuli and the response time is much slower. This tends to occur in team sports.
112
What is Hicks Law ?
this law states that as the number of choices increases so does reaction time.
113
What is single-channel hypothesis ?
this hypothesis states that only one stimuli can be processed at a time. The second stimulus must wait until the first stimulus has been processed before it can be processed.
114
What is a Psychological Refractory Period ?
this explains the delay between processing one stimulus and another one. Whilst you are processing one stimulus another stimulus occurs this causes confusion and a delay is caused as the person is now processing the second stimulus
115
What is anticipation ?
this is when a performer tries to pre-judge a stimulus: the performer tries to work out what will happen before it happens.
116
What is temporal anticipation ?
this is prejudging when the stimulus will happen
117
What is spatial anticipation ?
refers to where or what is going to happen
118
Factors that affect response time ?
* gender
* age
* experience
* fitness
* length of neural pathways
* stimulus intensity
119
