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PE A-level > Cardiovascular System (Paper 1) (Miss J Kieser) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Paper 1) (Miss J Kieser) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system ?

A

neurones send electrical impulses in order to allow for the heart to contract

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2
Q

Define the term myogenic.

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own heart beat

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3
Q

What is the role of the sinoatrial node (SAN) in the cardiac conduction system?

A

generates own heart beat ; acts as a pacemaker

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4
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular node (AVN) in the cardiac conduction system ?

A

carries the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

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5
Q

What is the role of the bundle of his in the cardiac conduction system?

A

a group of heart muscles that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles.

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6
Q

What is the role of the purkinje fibres in the cardiac conduction system ?

A

muscle fibres that send impulses along the walls of the ventricles

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7
Q

Factors which affect heart rate

A

Chemoreceptors:CO2
Baroreceptors: Blood pressure
Propioreceptors: positioning, movement

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8
Q

What does the term sympathetic mean?

A

leads to an increase in heart rate

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9
Q

What does the term parasympathetic mean?

A

leads to a decrease in heart rate

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10
Q

What is the role of the chemoreceptor?

A

detect an increase or decrease in CO2 levels in the body.

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11
Q

What is the role of the Baroreceptor?

A

responds to the stretching of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure.
increase in blood pressure=heart rate decreases
decrease in blood pressure=heart rate increases

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12
Q

What is the role of the proprioreceptor?

A

provides information about movement

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13
Q

What does the word anticipatory rise mean?

A

when you expect to do a physical activity, this results in the release of adrenaline which leads to the increase in heart rate

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14
Q

What does the word stroke volume mean?

A

volume of blood pumped out of the heart per contraction

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15
Q

What are the two factors which affect stroke volume?

A
  • Venous return: this the amount of blood returning to the heart, an increase in venous return leads to the increase in stroke volume
  • elasticity of cardiac fibres
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16
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms which help with venous return?

A
  • Skeletal muscle pump
  • Respiratory muscle pump
  • Pocket Valve
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17
Q

How does the respiratory pump work as a mechanism?

A

whenever you exhale and inhale your muscles contract in your thorax and stomach. This cause pressure. Whenever there is pressure change your muscles in the thorax and stomach squeeze the blood back to the heart

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18
Q

How does the skeletal pump work as a mechanism ?

A

when your muscles contract they change shape. This then leads to your muscles compressing and squeezing the blood to the lungs

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19
Q

How does the pocket valve work as a mechanism ?

A

it prevents the backflow of blood

20
Q

What is pulmonary circulation ?

A

this is where deoxygenated blood from the heart travels to the lungs and then oxygenated blood travels back to the heart

21
Q

What is systematic circulation ?

A

oxygenated blood travels to the body from the heart and deoxygenated blood from the body travels back to the heart

22
Q

What is Starlings Law ?

A

this is where an increase in venous return leads to more blood filling the heart, leading to the stretching of cardiac muscles, leading to a greater contraction , which finally leads to an increase in ijection faction.

23
Q

What is Myoglobin ?

A

when oxygen is stored in the muscles

24
Q

What happens to dissociation during exercise ?

A

it increases

25
Q

What happens to dissociation during rest ?

A

it decreases

26
Q

What is the Bohr Shift ?

A

when the line shifts from the right in the dissociation curve, this is because more oxygen is needed to the muscles

27
Q

What are the 3 factors which affect the Bohr Shift ?

A
  • Increase in blood temperature
  • Pressure of CO2 increases
  • Ph increases
28
Q

What is cardiovascular drift ?

A

is a decrease in stroke volume but a steady increase in heart rate

29
Q

Why does cardiovascular drift happen ?

A

this is occurs because when we sweat a portion of our lost fluid comes in the form of plasma. A decrease in plasma makes the blood turn viscous. This then leads to a decrease in venous return and stroke volume. Therefore then heart rate increases in an attempt to create more energy to cool the body down.

30
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol ?

A

LDL and HDL

31
Q

What is the role of LDL ?

A

transport cholesterol to the tissue

32
Q

What is the role of HDL ?

A

transports excess cholesterol back to the liver where it is broken down

33
Q

Which cholesterol is good ?

A

HDL

34
Q

Which cholesterol is bad ?

A

LDL

35
Q

When does a stroke occur ?

A

when blood supply to the brain is cut off causing damage to the brain cells as they start to die.

36
Q

When does a Ischaemic stroke occur ?

A

when blood clots stop blood supply to the brain

37
Q

When does Haemorrhagic stroke occur ?

A

when a weakened blood vessel which is connected to the brain bursts

38
Q

What is Atherosclerosis ?

A

when your coronary arteries become blocked due to the gradual build up of fatty acids

39
Q

What is Atheroma ?

A

these are the fatty deposits which cause coronary arteries

40
Q

What is Angina ?

A

a person experiences a painful feeling in their chest due to the narrowing of coronary arteries therefore not enough oxygen is delivered to the heart

41
Q

What is blood pressure ?

A

is the force exerted on the blood by the vessel wall

42
Q

What is another word for blood flow ?

A

blood shunting

43
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters ?

A
  • tiny rings of muscle located at the opening of capillaries. When they contract and relax they help with blood redistribution.
  • During exercise, capillaries supplying the muscle will have relaxed capillary sphincters to increase blood flow and and to saturate the tissue with oxygen
44
Q

What is A-V02 Difference

A

This is the difference in oxygen levels in the arterial blood and venous blood when leaving the muscles.

45
Q

What happens to A-V02 differences during exercise ?

A

there is a high difference due to more oxygen being needed by the muscles.

46
Q

What happens to A-V02 differences during rest ?

A

there is a low difference as not much oxygen is needed by the muscles

PE A-level (7 decks)

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