sports Flashcards
ben Johnson (Canadian athlete)
most responsible for change of attitude
won premiere gold but lost it because he tested positive in enhancive substances
johnson’s drug invented by
John Manson - stanozolol patent
when was adrenaline used as a drug?
1901
why was adrenaline not ideal?
short duration of action and required iv injection
what is amphetamine?
used for cold symptoms and a good decongestant
what was used in wars
methamphetamine and pervitin
when did olympics restrict drug use and when was first testing done?
1967 in 1968 grenlobe
why were the banned?
because it was harmful to the athlete
who injected themselves with bull testicle
fritz pregl & Oskar zoth
how did the first isolation of the male sex hormone
40 kg of bull testicle to a 20 mg of male sex hornmone
what was the semi-synthesis in 1935
cholesterol to testosterone
what was inmate rehab
starving to death
what first used testoresone
horse races
what was the first human use of testosterone
soviet athletes in 1950s
what did testosterone do?
improved strength and build up muscle
what are the effects of extra testosterone?
anabolic: reduce side effects and for wasted conditions
androgenic: body facial hair, deeper voice, heavy brow, acne, etsticle shrinkage, clitoral enlargement, increase sex drive
what was the process of steroid testing?
Manfred hopper ruined it and changed the system in East Germans and banned in 1977
what was the doping lab in east germany
used Gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer
measures T to E ratio
what is Gas chromatograph ?
sorts molecules based on speed and time: mixture is passed thru a tube with a sticky substance (measures amounts)
what is mass spectrometer?
throws molecules in a magnetic flied and molecules fall apart and obtains a fingerprint (used to identify compounds)
what is the masking agent for steroid testing?
masks the presence of extra testosterone by injecting epitestosterone
how did they interfere with testing
adds detergent to alcohol to pee
urine switching
plants and animals have diff amounts of 13 C??
true
effects of steroids?
doesn’t build muscle (only helps build withe exercise)
liver damage, heart damage, reproductive effects
what are anabolic steroids
speed recovery and speed training
why are effects are difficult to measure
athletes vary doses, mix steroids, take large doses and keep their methods secret
what are designer steroids
designed to avoid detection and no testing done
what is tetrahydragestrinone
“the clear” and undetectable before 2002
when are steroids safe>
used properly under medical supervision and limited dosing
desire to win makes athletes??
push the limits
what do red blood cells do?
only carry oxygen and made in bone marrow
what is blood doping
removes blood from athlete and concentrates red blood cells and store them
as the athlete’s body replaces them during 3 months before the comp
athletes now have improved o2 capacity
when was blood doping used
ed burke = usci in 1983
Danny van haute = olympic trials 1984
us cycling banned doping 1985
why is EPO (protein) used instead of a transfusion?
helps patient make their own blood
why are blood transfusions important in medicine?
risk of infection and rejection
why are animals not an ideal protein source
supply is limited and not human proteins (don’t work as well in humans - possibility of rejection) and small risk of contamination
why are cadavers not ideal source for human proteins
poor drug source
what is recombinant protein
males human protein from bacteria and yeast
how is human protein made
in bacteria/yeast, inserts human gene in a bacteria, removes it from chromosome and inserts in plasmid then genetic engineering
what is better than animal protein and why
recombinant protein because is human, safe and make large quantities
recombinant EPO is one of the best drugs in the last ???
30 years
testing EPO was impossible
true and can detect using antibodies and is easy to hide
what is the ON model ?
detects recent use (hemogoblin, EPO, soluble transferrin receptor)
what is OFF model
detects longer term use (2-3 weeks)
(hemoglobin, reticulocytes, EPO)
