mental health Flashcards
what is the body
chemical based machine
what does mental illness have
genetic component
mental illness history?
thought tp be caused by demons = trepenation (treatment) and were often tortured with asylums and prisons
electrotherapy often used
when was psychotherapy made and by who
freud 1896
what was lobotomy 1940s
needle thru eye socket
when did lunatic asylums become mental hospitals
1950s
schizophrenia?
loss of contact and reality
Sid effects of schizoprenia
hallucinations and delusions of persecutions
auditory, confused thinking, magical thinking, false beliefs, anxiety and feelings of persecution and lack of emotion
what did they use to calm down patients with schizophrenia
antihistamines and thorazine
side effects of thorazine (dopamine antagonist)
similar to Parkinson’s disease, grimacing and dyskinesia and lip smacking
what is the theory of schizphrenia
high dopamine causes it
what raises dopamine amounts in brain
amphetamines
what are the 5 receptor types of dopamine antagonism
d1 - d5 (d2 most important)
allows dopamine use in diff parts of brain and creates diff pathways for dopamine to transfer info
how was subsequent drugs found?
in animal studies and found patterns of behaviour of drugs
what is chlozapine
weak d2 dopamine antagonist and strong serotonin agonist (less likely to cause motor control side effects)
what is depression
loneliness and sadness
what is anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
what is tricyclic antidepressants
discovered in 1951 and not effective for shizophrenia
what sends nerve signals
physical transfer of neurotransmitters
what blocks serotonin reuptake
imipramine (side effect: designs new drugs effects to be more selective)
what is ipronazid
tuberculosis drug, antidepressant and has monoamine oxidase (MAO)
what is MAO
helps regulated neurotransmitter amounts, body controls amount of chemicals by constantly making and destroying them
MAO blocks the enzyme (increase amount of serotonin in brain and reduces serotonin destruction)
what does depression rise from
arises from low serotonin amounts
what is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
prozac was first and side effects: anxiety, sleep disturbances and sexual dysfunction and suicidal thoughts
what is prozac
no difference between placebo and prozac
OCD affects ??
2%
what is OCD
obsessive thoughts and unrealistic
compulsions performed to gain relief
rituals
helpful drugs for OCD?
raising serotonin activity, prozac, MAO inhibitors
theory of OCD
low serotonin function produces OCD
bipolar disorder
alternate between high energy happy periods
what calmed mani patients with manic depression
lithium calmed manic patients
why is it hard to design new drugs
because of lithium structure
difference between effective dose and dangerous dose is ???
very small
why is lithium mechanism of action not known?
no known lithium receptor
what is valproic acid
anticholinergic drug
anxiety disorders
fear without reason
what are barbituates
GABA agonists (reduce neural activity)
what do benzodiazepines do?
amplify GABA and increase sensitivity of receptors
GABA activates a special receptor called?
ion channel (Valve)
what are psychiatric drugs side effects
headaches, nausea, anxiety, sexual dysfunction and depresson
drugs in 2016 same effectiveness as drugs in 1950s?
true
modern drugs show fewer witch side effects?
anxiety, sleep disturbances and dysfunction
why are human experiments hard to do
can’t fully control what people do and difficult to measure brain activity
what did drugs used to develop?
pattern of behaviour
what is swim despair test?
swimming, struggling or floating
hotplate pain test??
puts feet up
how is animal models used
alters brain and uses drugs to induce change
me-too drugs
kinda copies of existing products
what are effects of me too drugs
produced in animal models and use old drugs as a starting point
what does prozac produce
immediate effects in brain
patient’s noncompliance with treatment?
20-80% non compliance, stops taking meds and takes them improperly
why are patients noncooperative
takes them improperly, misunderstanding, side effects and resist treatment and false beliefs + financialdru
drugs for mental health do work?
true
