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antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

main causes of death in 1900

A

pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza

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2
Q

main causes of death in 2004

A

heart disease, cancer and stroke

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3
Q

were plagues common throughout history?

A

yes

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4
Q

what are plague doctors

A

people that wanted to make money with the long beak (put nice things in to smell)

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5
Q

how did plague doctors treat

A

poking with sticks

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6
Q

what did they think disease was known from?

A

curse from god or bad smell or unclean conditions

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7
Q

miasma

A

unclean conditions

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8
Q

more deaths due to infection than combat and why

A

true cuz wounds would get infected (STDs)

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9
Q

agostino bassi

A

germ theory 1844

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10
Q

John snow

A

disproved miasma theory 1854

Put all of the cases of cholera and found that they were all kind of centered around a water pump

He removed the handle and it went away

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11
Q

Louis pasteur

A

pasteurization 1864 - bacteria can cause illness

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12
Q

pasteurization

A

Take milk and heat it and cool it down (heating kills the bacteria

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13
Q

lister

A

antisepsis 1867

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14
Q

H.C GRAM

A

stains bacteria 1884

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15
Q

Paul erlich

A

magic bullet 1907

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16
Q

magic bullet

A

can cure anything - 1st antibiotic

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17
Q

magic bullet

A

Trypan red (dye) selectively colors trypanosomes (African sleeping sickness)

Dye only went into trypanosomes and not the blood cells

He knew As (arsenic = poison) was similar to N but more poisonous

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18
Q

syphilis

A

salvarsan 606 - great pox

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19
Q

not very drug like def

A

Treatments required several months
Many injections
Large injection volumes

Drug was highly toxic

Not a commercial success (didn’t sell very well)

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20
Q

who won Nobel prize

A

erlich, domagk, fleming, Florey, chain

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21
Q

gerhard domagk

A

IG färben 1932 (first successful antibiotic)

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22
Q

protons only worked on

A

vivo (living) cuz metabolism

body chemically alters system

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23
Q

Prontosil (red) –>

A

sulfanilamide (drug)

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24
Q

Sulfanilamide became 1st

A

sulfa drug 1932

25
Q

sulfanilamide saves

A

Saves lives in ww2

Inhibits bacterial growth (C –> dehydropteroate synthase –> C –> Coenzyme F)

Mimic natural substrate
Jammed and stuck in the pocket so enzyme cant do the reactio

26
Q

Alexander fleming

A

bacterial artist and penicillin

27
Q

fleming journey?

A

Mold prevented bacterial growth

Publishes his results in 1929

Used an extract to purify bacteria

Didn’t do the key experiment

28
Q

howard Florey and ernst chain

A

isolate penicillin 1941

29
Q

penicillin first produced in

A

milk bottles and 1000 kg gave 1 g pen

30
Q

Scale-up of penicillin production (USA)

A

Mold requires oxygen to grow

Initially grown on thin layers of milk

Industrial quantities by forced injection of oxygen into tanks

Peoria, Illinois becomes penicillin capitol
Drug companies develop better extraction technology

31
Q

penicillin became ____ prioroty?

A

war

32
Q

when did penicillin become public

A

1945

33
Q

how are bacteria cells different from human cells

A

bacteria cells have a bacteria cell wall

rigid outer layer (imparts structure that resists internal pressure

34
Q

penicillin prevents cell wall ______?

A

synthesis and cell walls rebuilt during cell division

35
Q

bacteria cant ____ cell wall and why

A

re-grow because no wall to hold internal pressure cells explode

36
Q

penicillin destroys _________

A

enzyme that makes cell walls

37
Q

antibiotics only work on??

A

bacteria

38
Q

natural antibiotics?

A

unstable and must be injected and only work against some bacteria

39
Q

artificial antibiotics

A

can be stored for long times, can be taken orally and work against most bacteria

40
Q

major side effect of penicillin?

A

allergy

41
Q

what is cephalosporin

A

other miracle drugs and found in Italian sewer

42
Q

what is streptomycin

A

other miracle drugs and found in chicken throats

43
Q

golden age of antibiotics

A

1940s and 1950s

44
Q

no new antibiotic families since?

A

1997

45
Q

resistant bacteria are not killed by _______

A

the antibiotic

46
Q

over prescription contributes to ________

A

resistance

47
Q

_________ use may promote resistance

A

prophylactic

48
Q

what’s the biggest problem with antibiotics

A

patient compliance (don’t wanna piss off customer)

49
Q

what is the reason for instructions

A

when the amount of drug in blood decreases, the time to take another dose aligns to the time it decreases.

50
Q

missing dose creates _________ bacteria

A

resistant (gap between doses)

51
Q

first dose kills the weak and __________

A

strong bacteria multiplies in gap (only the tough survive)

52
Q

why is it important to kill all the bacteria?

A

after several generations, it can become resistant and will not be killed by antibiotics

53
Q

dangerous bacteria mostly found in

A

hospitals (nosocomial infection)

54
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

kills bacteria by debridement

55
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

very common bacteria - 20M to 30 infections each year

56
Q

antibiotics are

A

commodity chemicals

57
Q

developing new antibiotics is not

A

cost effective

58
Q

doctors are ______ to use new antibiotics

A

reluctant

59
Q

why do antibiotics have a huge impact on human life

A

longer life span

improved quality of life

very safe drugs

very effective drugs

drugs (14 decks)

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