antibiotics Flashcards
main causes of death in 1900
pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza
main causes of death in 2004
heart disease, cancer and stroke
were plagues common throughout history?
yes
what are plague doctors
people that wanted to make money with the long beak (put nice things in to smell)
how did plague doctors treat
poking with sticks
what did they think disease was known from?
curse from god or bad smell or unclean conditions
miasma
unclean conditions
more deaths due to infection than combat and why
true cuz wounds would get infected (STDs)
agostino bassi
germ theory 1844
John snow
disproved miasma theory 1854
Put all of the cases of cholera and found that they were all kind of centered around a water pump
He removed the handle and it went away
Louis pasteur
pasteurization 1864 - bacteria can cause illness
pasteurization
Take milk and heat it and cool it down (heating kills the bacteria
lister
antisepsis 1867
H.C GRAM
stains bacteria 1884
Paul erlich
magic bullet 1907
magic bullet
can cure anything - 1st antibiotic
magic bullet
Trypan red (dye) selectively colors trypanosomes (African sleeping sickness)
Dye only went into trypanosomes and not the blood cells
He knew As (arsenic = poison) was similar to N but more poisonous
syphilis
salvarsan 606 - great pox
not very drug like def
Treatments required several months
Many injections
Large injection volumes
Drug was highly toxic
Not a commercial success (didn’t sell very well)
who won Nobel prize
erlich, domagk, fleming, Florey, chain
gerhard domagk
IG färben 1932 (first successful antibiotic)
protons only worked on
vivo (living) cuz metabolism
body chemically alters system
Prontosil (red) –>
sulfanilamide (drug)
Sulfanilamide became 1st
sulfa drug 1932
sulfanilamide saves
Saves lives in ww2
Inhibits bacterial growth (C –> dehydropteroate synthase –> C –> Coenzyme F)
Mimic natural substrate
Jammed and stuck in the pocket so enzyme cant do the reactio
Alexander fleming
bacterial artist and penicillin
fleming journey?
Mold prevented bacterial growth
Publishes his results in 1929
Used an extract to purify bacteria
Didn’t do the key experiment
howard Florey and ernst chain
isolate penicillin 1941
penicillin first produced in
milk bottles and 1000 kg gave 1 g pen
Scale-up of penicillin production (USA)
Mold requires oxygen to grow
Initially grown on thin layers of milk
Industrial quantities by forced injection of oxygen into tanks
Peoria, Illinois becomes penicillin capitol
Drug companies develop better extraction technology
penicillin became ____ prioroty?
war
when did penicillin become public
1945
how are bacteria cells different from human cells
bacteria cells have a bacteria cell wall
rigid outer layer (imparts structure that resists internal pressure
penicillin prevents cell wall ______?
synthesis and cell walls rebuilt during cell division
bacteria cant ____ cell wall and why
re-grow because no wall to hold internal pressure cells explode
penicillin destroys _________
enzyme that makes cell walls
antibiotics only work on??
bacteria
natural antibiotics?
unstable and must be injected and only work against some bacteria
artificial antibiotics
can be stored for long times, can be taken orally and work against most bacteria
major side effect of penicillin?
allergy
what is cephalosporin
other miracle drugs and found in Italian sewer
what is streptomycin
other miracle drugs and found in chicken throats
golden age of antibiotics
1940s and 1950s
no new antibiotic families since?
1997
resistant bacteria are not killed by _______
the antibiotic
over prescription contributes to ________
resistance
_________ use may promote resistance
prophylactic
what’s the biggest problem with antibiotics
patient compliance (don’t wanna piss off customer)
what is the reason for instructions
when the amount of drug in blood decreases, the time to take another dose aligns to the time it decreases.
missing dose creates _________ bacteria
resistant (gap between doses)
first dose kills the weak and __________
strong bacteria multiplies in gap (only the tough survive)
why is it important to kill all the bacteria?
after several generations, it can become resistant and will not be killed by antibiotics
dangerous bacteria mostly found in
hospitals (nosocomial infection)
necrotizing fasciitis
kills bacteria by debridement
staphylococcus aureus
very common bacteria - 20M to 30 infections each year
antibiotics are
commodity chemicals
developing new antibiotics is not
cost effective
doctors are ______ to use new antibiotics
reluctant
why do antibiotics have a huge impact on human life
longer life span
improved quality of life
very safe drugs
very effective drugs
