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drugs > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

cancer is

A

uncontrolled growth

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2
Q

caused by?

A

hyper-proliferative lesion

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3
Q

2 types of hyper-proliferative lesion

A

benign lesion (regular shape and fatal in developping countries) and malignant lesion (out of shape)

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4
Q

where is it cause of death in 2011

A

canada (72476)

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5
Q

who is it rare in

A

young people

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6
Q

cases occur after

A

age 55 mostly

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7
Q

treatments

A

radiation, surgery and chemotherapy

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8
Q

in men and women which cancer is most common and least

A

lung is most and stomach least

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9
Q

what happens when you get cancer

A

normal cells become cancerous and cancer loses the ability to regulate its growth

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10
Q

what’s the max of cell divisions on normal cell

A

50 (cells must be touching similar cells)

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11
Q

what’s the max of cell divisions on cancerous cell

A

more than 50 (cells are mobile = metasis)

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12
Q

HeLa cells

A

Henrietta lacks 1951 (grown in lab)

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13
Q

cancer cells take ___ years to develop

A

20 (needs 8-10 mutations)

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14
Q

cancer mutations involve

A

loss of function (proteins stop working properly)

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15
Q

in biological regulation, control uses system by working in ______

A

opposite ways at the same time (one system switches on and the other off)

  • body balances both to control
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16
Q

cell division is regulated in 2 ways

A

stimulation (accelerator) and repression (brakes)

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17
Q

RAS is a common

A

on/off switch (gets stuck on ON position and can’t switch off)

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18
Q

P53 is

A

a important baking protein (important suicide protein)

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19
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death (self destruct system and protects body from viruses and cancer)

20
Q

average cell can divide __

A

50 times (chromosome tips are like shoe laces)

21
Q

are cancer cells mortal or immortal

A

immortal so it activates the enzyme that rebuilds chromosome tips

22
Q

when you get cancer, what happens to chromosomes?

A

system breaks which prevents the enzyme from being used

23
Q

each codon specifies an ______ in a protein

A

amino acid

24
Q

mutation is a

A

typo in the gene

25
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

genes involved in control of cell division

26
Q

mutations change proton-oncogenes into ??

A

oncogenes (form found in cancer)

27
Q

genetic susceptibility is

A

mutations

28
Q

some mutations are susceptible to

A

behaviour and body type (skin cancer)

29
Q

what are the biochemical differences in cancer

A

alcohol causes cancer since its converted to acetaldehyde and makes cancer producing stuff

30
Q

4 cancer death causes

A

tobacco

diet and obesity

alcohol

lack go exercise

31
Q

the rest of the causes?

A

in order:

viruses
UV radiation
environmental exposure
genetics
medical procedures (x-rays and chemo)

32
Q

tobacco has??

A

carcinogens and toxic

33
Q

combustion products

A

benzopyrene (can damage DNA by being connected to the materials)

nitrosamines

ethylene oxide

34
Q

diet can cause cancer why?

A

cooking generates flavour and some nasty materials

35
Q

fiber promotes ??

A

passage of waste

36
Q

how to prevent cancer preventions?

A

consumption of 5 or more veggies and fruits

37
Q

obesity increases

A

risk for everything

38
Q

virus responsible for

A

about 15% of cancer deaths

39
Q

5 year survival rates from 2009-1015

A

67%

40
Q

drugs can block ____

A

protein functions and can’t restore protein functions

41
Q

cancer drugs ______

A

strong poisons and targets cell division (fast growing cells killed first)

42
Q

what does chemo do

A

kill the cancer faster than it kills the patient

43
Q

nitrogen mustards and cancer?

A

survivors has fewer white blood cells and Justine was the first cancer drug

44
Q

cisplatin

A

first synthesis 1845

45
Q

history of cancer??

A

USDA searches for new poisons and yew bark extract found to be cytotoxic

46
Q

what is yew trees used for

A

cell structure (plant cells suspended in growth medium)

47
Q

Robert Holton

A

made 350,000,000 and 40 to bolton, 30 to chem department and 30 to uni

drugs (14 decks)

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