Cancer Flashcards
cancer is
uncontrolled growth
caused by?
hyper-proliferative lesion
2 types of hyper-proliferative lesion
benign lesion (regular shape and fatal in developping countries) and malignant lesion (out of shape)
where is it cause of death in 2011
canada (72476)
who is it rare in
young people
cases occur after
age 55 mostly
treatments
radiation, surgery and chemotherapy
in men and women which cancer is most common and least
lung is most and stomach least
what happens when you get cancer
normal cells become cancerous and cancer loses the ability to regulate its growth
what’s the max of cell divisions on normal cell
50 (cells must be touching similar cells)
what’s the max of cell divisions on cancerous cell
more than 50 (cells are mobile = metasis)
HeLa cells
Henrietta lacks 1951 (grown in lab)
cancer cells take ___ years to develop
20 (needs 8-10 mutations)
cancer mutations involve
loss of function (proteins stop working properly)
in biological regulation, control uses system by working in ______
opposite ways at the same time (one system switches on and the other off)
- body balances both to control
cell division is regulated in 2 ways
stimulation (accelerator) and repression (brakes)
RAS is a common
on/off switch (gets stuck on ON position and can’t switch off)
P53 is
a important baking protein (important suicide protein)
apoptosis
programmed cell death (self destruct system and protects body from viruses and cancer)
average cell can divide __
50 times (chromosome tips are like shoe laces)
are cancer cells mortal or immortal
immortal so it activates the enzyme that rebuilds chromosome tips
when you get cancer, what happens to chromosomes?
system breaks which prevents the enzyme from being used
each codon specifies an ______ in a protein
amino acid
mutation is a
typo in the gene
proto-oncogenes
genes involved in control of cell division
mutations change proton-oncogenes into ??
oncogenes (form found in cancer)
genetic susceptibility is
mutations
some mutations are susceptible to
behaviour and body type (skin cancer)
what are the biochemical differences in cancer
alcohol causes cancer since its converted to acetaldehyde and makes cancer producing stuff
4 cancer death causes
tobacco
diet and obesity
alcohol
lack go exercise
the rest of the causes?
in order:
viruses
UV radiation
environmental exposure
genetics
medical procedures (x-rays and chemo)
tobacco has??
carcinogens and toxic
combustion products
benzopyrene (can damage DNA by being connected to the materials)
nitrosamines
ethylene oxide
diet can cause cancer why?
cooking generates flavour and some nasty materials
fiber promotes ??
passage of waste
how to prevent cancer preventions?
consumption of 5 or more veggies and fruits
obesity increases
risk for everything
virus responsible for
about 15% of cancer deaths
5 year survival rates from 2009-1015
67%
drugs can block ____
protein functions and can’t restore protein functions
cancer drugs ______
strong poisons and targets cell division (fast growing cells killed first)
what does chemo do
kill the cancer faster than it kills the patient
nitrogen mustards and cancer?
survivors has fewer white blood cells and Justine was the first cancer drug
cisplatin
first synthesis 1845
history of cancer??
USDA searches for new poisons and yew bark extract found to be cytotoxic
what is yew trees used for
cell structure (plant cells suspended in growth medium)
Robert Holton
made 350,000,000 and 40 to bolton, 30 to chem department and 30 to uni
