history and into Flashcards
what is life expectancy and what rank in 2009?
81.2 years (rank 8)
what is world average
66.6 years (rank 159)
for a long time what was the life expectancy?
close to 35 years
what was life expectancy in 1900s vs 2004?
44 years vs 82
3 causes of death in 1900s?
pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza
6 causes of death in 1900s?
heart disease, cancer, stroke, lower respiratory infection, traffic accidents and diabetes
what are main reasons for improved health over years?
improved sanitation (water), refrigeration, vaccination and antibiotics
greatest achievements in medicine?
immunization
when was small pox and polio eliminated?
1977 and 1991
what reduced maternal mortality?
penicillin
in 2009 how much were prescription drugs and OTC drugs?
300 billion and 25 billion
world drug market percentage for Canada?
3.8%
when did the pharmaceutical industry start and what does it use?
1856 and uses scientific methods
what is it regulated by?
environment
what are most ancient drugs from?
plants
drugs are?
poisons
drugs
produced desired cure (beneficial biological effect)
poisons
produce undesired kill (harmful biological effect)
dose makes the?
poison
low doses produce
beneficial effects (drugs)
high doses produce
harmful effects (poison)
sometimes its the other way
true
drugs discovered by how
1900 by observation and magic and philosophy
strong doses with low dose makes?
into a drug
- opium, nicotine and cocaine
weak poisons example
caffeine and salicin
what is opium
extracted from poppy seeds
- toxic in high doses
- drugs in low doses
analgesics
reduces pain
4 opium examples
oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, demerol
what is cocaine from and subparts
coca leaves (tropical painkiller and stimulant)
- novocaine
- procaine
- lidocaine
- benzocaine
what are problems with observations?
human brain searches for patterns, ancients didn’t use experiments and once evidence is there, its hard to contradict
apophenia
seeing patterns in random/meaningless data
pareidolia
perceiving sounds/images as something else
anecdotal evidence is?
misleading and relies on chance and must rely on statistical methods
what are problems with traditional remedies?
poor control over dose,
preparations changes chemical composition, no standardization, difficult to correct info and reasoning to identify cures
doctrine of humours
hippocrates developped
Jakob Bohme
God left us clues to tell us how to use things (walnuts = brain, mandrake = cure for demonic possession)
Humphrey davy
nitrous oxide
William perkin
first official dye
what are modern drugs?
artificial, designed for optimal activity and safety and provides convenience (manufactured in large quantities)
engineered drugs since?
1982 and safest cheapest source of human proteins and hormones
what are the rules
regulation of drugs and medical devices/procedures
patent medicine
royalty
alcohol is the most ______ ingredient
active bc “feel good”
when was board of food and drug inspection formed and what is it?
formed in 1907 = 1st government regulations for medicines (labelling only)
sold sulphanilamide
antibiotic as a powder
when was FDA created and what is it
1938 = food and drug administration
ensures safety of drugs
phocomelia
attenuated limbs
modern safety standards?
safety testing done in at least 2 species
- one must be primate and must show drug is bioavailable (gets into body)
why is industry regulation important?
ensures safety products, products work, good manufacturing quality and regulation increases cost
modern drugs work with ___?
each starts with a scientific idea, optimized using scientific methods and tested scientifically
