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drugs > history and into > Flashcards

history and into Flashcards

1
Q

what is life expectancy and what rank in 2009?

A

81.2 years (rank 8)

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2
Q

what is world average

A

66.6 years (rank 159)

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3
Q

for a long time what was the life expectancy?

A

close to 35 years

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4
Q

what was life expectancy in 1900s vs 2004?

A

44 years vs 82

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5
Q

3 causes of death in 1900s?

A

pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza

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6
Q

6 causes of death in 1900s?

A

heart disease, cancer, stroke, lower respiratory infection, traffic accidents and diabetes

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7
Q

what are main reasons for improved health over years?

A

improved sanitation (water), refrigeration, vaccination and antibiotics

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8
Q

greatest achievements in medicine?

A

immunization

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9
Q

when was small pox and polio eliminated?

A

1977 and 1991

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10
Q

what reduced maternal mortality?

A

penicillin

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11
Q

in 2009 how much were prescription drugs and OTC drugs?

A

300 billion and 25 billion

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12
Q

world drug market percentage for Canada?

A

3.8%

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13
Q

when did the pharmaceutical industry start and what does it use?

A

1856 and uses scientific methods

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14
Q

what is it regulated by?

A

environment

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15
Q

what are most ancient drugs from?

A

plants

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16
Q

drugs are?

A

poisons

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17
Q

drugs

A

produced desired cure (beneficial biological effect)

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18
Q

poisons

A

produce undesired kill (harmful biological effect)

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19
Q

dose makes the?

A

poison

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20
Q

low doses produce

A

beneficial effects (drugs)

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21
Q

high doses produce

A

harmful effects (poison)

22
Q

sometimes its the other way

A

true

23
Q

drugs discovered by how

A

1900 by observation and magic and philosophy

24
Q

strong doses with low dose makes?

A

into a drug

  • opium, nicotine and cocaine
25
Q

weak poisons example

A

caffeine and salicin

26
Q

what is opium

A

extracted from poppy seeds
- toxic in high doses
- drugs in low doses

27
Q

analgesics

A

reduces pain

28
Q

4 opium examples

A

oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, demerol

29
Q

what is cocaine from and subparts

A

coca leaves (tropical painkiller and stimulant)
- novocaine
- procaine
- lidocaine
- benzocaine

30
Q

what are problems with observations?

A

human brain searches for patterns, ancients didn’t use experiments and once evidence is there, its hard to contradict

31
Q

apophenia

A

seeing patterns in random/meaningless data

32
Q

pareidolia

A

perceiving sounds/images as something else

33
Q

anecdotal evidence is?

A

misleading and relies on chance and must rely on statistical methods

34
Q

what are problems with traditional remedies?

A

poor control over dose,
preparations changes chemical composition, no standardization, difficult to correct info and reasoning to identify cures

35
Q

doctrine of humours

A

hippocrates developped

36
Q

Jakob Bohme

A

God left us clues to tell us how to use things (walnuts = brain, mandrake = cure for demonic possession)

37
Q

Humphrey davy

A

nitrous oxide

38
Q

William perkin

A

first official dye

39
Q

what are modern drugs?

A

artificial, designed for optimal activity and safety and provides convenience (manufactured in large quantities)

40
Q

engineered drugs since?

A

1982 and safest cheapest source of human proteins and hormones

41
Q

what are the rules

A

regulation of drugs and medical devices/procedures

42
Q

patent medicine

A

royalty

43
Q

alcohol is the most ______ ingredient

A

active bc “feel good”

44
Q

when was board of food and drug inspection formed and what is it?

A

formed in 1907 = 1st government regulations for medicines (labelling only)

45
Q

sold sulphanilamide

A

antibiotic as a powder

46
Q

when was FDA created and what is it

A

1938 = food and drug administration

ensures safety of drugs

47
Q

phocomelia

A

attenuated limbs

48
Q

modern safety standards?

A

safety testing done in at least 2 species
- one must be primate and must show drug is bioavailable (gets into body)

49
Q

why is industry regulation important?

A

ensures safety products, products work, good manufacturing quality and regulation increases cost

50
Q

modern drugs work with ___?

A

each starts with a scientific idea, optimized using scientific methods and tested scientifically

drugs (14 decks)

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