Spoken language Flashcards
What are adjacency pairs? Provide an example
- Conversational turn taking that is dependent on each other
- “How are you?” - “Fine, thanks!”
What is back channelling? Provide an example
- Words/phrases/non-verbal (paralinguistic) utterances used by a listener to show they understand
- “I see”, “uh huh”
What is a colloquialism? Provide an example
- Non standard/slang forms which may show where a speaker is from
- “brolly” = umbrella
What is collocation? Provide an example
- A familiar grouping of words which work better than others
- e.g “fast food” vs “quick food”
What is deixis? Provide an example
- Context-bound words in an utterance
- “this”, “that”, “here”
What are discourse markers? Provide an example
- Verbal signposting
- e.g “next”, “firstly”
What is ellipsis? Provide an example
- The omission of words in speech
- “___ You going to the shops?” “___ Might be” (Are + I are missing)
What is elision? Provide an example
- The slurring of sounds/syllables
- “gonna” = going to
What is emphasis? Provide an example
- When prosodic features are used to make part of an utterance stand out
- e.g Volume, pitch, tone, etc
What is a false start?
- When a speakers begins an utterance and then stops to reformulate/repeat
What other 2 names are false starts also known as?
- Self-correction
- Repairs
What are the three reasons for fillers? Provide an example
- Inserted in speech to allow time to think/create a pause/hold a turn in convo
- “er”, “um”, “ah”
What are fillers also known as?
Voiced pauses
What is hedging? Provide an example
- Words/phrases which soften/weaken an utterance
- e.g “Perhaps”, “maybe”, “sort of”
What is overlapping/ an interruption?
When one speaker begins to speak before another has finished
What do pauses imply?
- Thinking time or emphasis
What are the 3 reasons for repetition?
- Emphasis
- Clarification
- A listener not hearing/responding
What is a tag question? Provide an example
- A declarative sentence turned into a question
- “It’s a bit hot in here, isn’t it?”
What are the two types of spoken language?
Monologue and dialogue
What is a monologue? Provide an example
- A single speaker addressing one or more listeners
- e.g speeches/lectures
What is a dialogue? Provide an example
- Two or more people who are both speakers and listeners in a conversation
- e.g Meetings, debates, interviews, informal convos
What are the 7 influences on spoken language?
- Regional origin
- Socio-economic status (social class)
- Occupation
- Gender
- Ethnic identity
- Age
- Groups affiliated (e.g gangs)
What are the 4 contexts behind spoken language?
- Audience
- Setting
- Topic
- Purpose
What is an example of an audience for context behind spoken language?
Different status/power ranks, causing convergence/divergence
