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English Language > Spoken language > Flashcards

Spoken language Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What are adjacency pairs? Provide an example

A
  • Conversational turn taking that is dependent on each other

- “How are you?” - “Fine, thanks!”

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2
Q

What is back channelling? Provide an example

A
  • Words/phrases/non-verbal (paralinguistic) utterances used by a listener to show they understand
  • “I see”, “uh huh”
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3
Q

What is a colloquialism? Provide an example

A
  • Non standard/slang forms which may show where a speaker is from
  • “brolly” = umbrella
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4
Q

What is collocation? Provide an example

A
  • A familiar grouping of words which work better than others

- e.g “fast food” vs “quick food”

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5
Q

What is deixis? Provide an example

A
  • Context-bound words in an utterance

- “this”, “that”, “here”

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6
Q

What are discourse markers? Provide an example

A
  • Verbal signposting

- e.g “next”, “firstly”

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7
Q

What is ellipsis? Provide an example

A
  • The omission of words in speech

- “___ You going to the shops?” “___ Might be” (Are + I are missing)

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8
Q

What is elision? Provide an example

A
  • The slurring of sounds/syllables

- “gonna” = going to

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9
Q

What is emphasis? Provide an example

A
  • When prosodic features are used to make part of an utterance stand out
  • e.g Volume, pitch, tone, etc
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10
Q

What is a false start?

A
  • When a speakers begins an utterance and then stops to reformulate/repeat
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11
Q

What other 2 names are false starts also known as?

A
  • Self-correction

- Repairs

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12
Q

What are the three reasons for fillers? Provide an example

A
  • Inserted in speech to allow time to think/create a pause/hold a turn in convo
  • “er”, “um”, “ah”
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13
Q

What are fillers also known as?

A

Voiced pauses

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14
Q

What is hedging? Provide an example

A
  • Words/phrases which soften/weaken an utterance

- e.g “Perhaps”, “maybe”, “sort of”

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15
Q

What is overlapping/ an interruption?

A

When one speaker begins to speak before another has finished

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16
Q

What do pauses imply?

A
  • Thinking time or emphasis
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17
Q

What are the 3 reasons for repetition?

A
  • Emphasis
  • Clarification
  • A listener not hearing/responding
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18
Q

What is a tag question? Provide an example

A
  • A declarative sentence turned into a question

- “It’s a bit hot in here, isn’t it?”

19
Q

What are the two types of spoken language?

A

Monologue and dialogue

20
Q

What is a monologue? Provide an example

A
  • A single speaker addressing one or more listeners

- e.g speeches/lectures

21
Q

What is a dialogue? Provide an example

A
  • Two or more people who are both speakers and listeners in a conversation
  • e.g Meetings, debates, interviews, informal convos
22
Q

What are the 7 influences on spoken language?

A
  • Regional origin
  • Socio-economic status (social class)
  • Occupation
  • Gender
  • Ethnic identity
  • Age
  • Groups affiliated (e.g gangs)
23
Q

What are the 4 contexts behind spoken language?

A
  • Audience
  • Setting
  • Topic
  • Purpose
24
Q

What is an example of an audience for context behind spoken language?

A

Different status/power ranks, causing convergence/divergence

25
Q

Provide an example of a setting which may change how spoken language is used

A

Social gathering, formal meeting

26
Q

Why is a topic important as to how a conversation flows? Provide an example

A
  • Particular topics can cause jargon/specialist lexis

- A conversation surrounding politics may concern specialist lexis such as “left-wing”

27
Q

What does purpose relate to in context for spoken language?

A
  • The functions of speech
28
Q

What are the 5 functions of spoken language?

A
  • Referential
  • Expressive
  • Transactional
  • Interactional
  • Phatic
29
Q

What is Referential speech? Provide an example

A
  • Provides information

- e.g “The train leaves at 12:30”

30
Q

What is Expressive speech? Provide an example

A
  • Conveys feelings

- e.g “I’m so excited for tomorrow!”

31
Q

What is Transactional speech?

A
  • The main emphasis is on getting a job done

- e.g A motorist asking a passerby for directions

32
Q

What is Interactional speech? Provide an example

A
  • The main emphasis is on the social relationship of speakers
  • e.g Two friends who haven’t seen each other for a long time having a long chat
33
Q

What is Phatic talk and what’s the point of it?

A
  • Small talk

- Helps to establish/maintain social relationships

34
Q

What are the 4 main types of grammar in spoken lang?

A
  • Non-standard grammar
  • Interrupted constructions
  • Disjointed constructions
  • Incomplete constructions
35
Q

What is non-standard grammar?

A

Informality of speech

36
Q

What is an interrupted construction? Provide an example

A
  • AKA repairs; one construction is abandoned for another

- e.g “I think you could have - should have told me”

37
Q

What is a disjointed construction also known as? Provide an example

A
  • AKA false starts

- “He knows about cars - how to fix them”

38
Q

What is an incomplete construction also known as? Provide an example

A
  • AKA ellipsis

- “Seen Tom recently?” = missing “Have you…”

39
Q

What was Austin’s theory?

A
  • Speech acts
40
Q

What are the 3 speech acts that Austen curated?

A
  • Locution
  • Illocution
  • Perlocution
41
Q

What is Locution? Provide an example

A
  • The words that a speaker actually says

- e.g “It’s a bit hot in here!”

42
Q

What is Illocution? Provide an example

A
  • The actual meaning/intention of the utterance

- e.g If a speaker says that it is hot, the speaker wants someone to open the window

43
Q

What is Perlocution? Provide an example

A
  • The way the hearer interprets the speaker
  • e.g If a speaker says that it is hot, the speaker wants someone to open the window, but the hearer may open a window, or just agree/disagree with the locution
44
Q

What are the 5 other spoken language theorists that overlap other topics (occupation, gender, etc)?

A
  • Goffman = Face theory
  • Brown and Levinson = Face theory pt.2
  • Grice = Conversational maxims
  • Giles = CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory)
  • Lakoff = Women’s language features

English Language (21 decks)

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