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CLA Theorists Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Clark’s theory and is she nature or nurture?

A
  • Overextension/Underextension

- Naturw

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2
Q

What did Clark say about acquisition of meaning?

A
  • A word must be refined once acquired
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3
Q

What is analogical overextension? Provide an example

A
  • Making links between different objects with similar properties
  • i.e All spherical objects a ball
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4
Q

What is categorical overextension? Provide an example

A
  • Referring to all objects in the same category by the same name
  • i.e Apple for all fruits, Daddy for all men, Car for all vehicles
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5
Q

Provide an example of underextension

A
  • Applying “grape” to only green grapes, not purple grapes
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6
Q

How does Clark’s theory fit with nature?

A
  • Shows an innate capacity to make sense of language through making connections between words
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7
Q

What are Berko and Brown’s theories and is nature of nurture?

A
  • “Fis” phenomenon
  • “Wug” test
  • Nature
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8
Q

Explain the “fis” phenomenon

A
  • Child refers to fish as “fis”
  • Adult asks, “Is this your fis?” = child says no
  • Adult asks, “Is this your fish?” = child says yes
  • Child could not make “sh” sound but was aware of the different phonemes
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9
Q

What does the “fis” phenomenon show?

A
  • A child’s comprehension is more advanced than their ability to produce words
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10
Q

Explain the “wug” test

A
  • Child is presented with a “wug”
  • Asked what two of these would be called
  • Child (aged 3-4) said “wugs”
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11
Q

What does the “wug” test show?

A
  • “Wug” is a made up word, yet children show acquisition of grammatical rules innately
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12
Q

What is Pinker’s theory and is it nature or nurture?

A
  • Language instinct

- Nature

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13
Q

Why do children learn to speak, according to Pinker?

A
  • Children learn to speak out of necessity of communication

- It is an evolutionary instinct which betters our chances of survival

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14
Q

What are Chomsky’s 3 theories and is he nature or nurture?

A
  • Theory of Universal Grammar
  • LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
  • Poverty of Stimulus
  • Nature
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15
Q

What is the Theory of Universal Grammar, and who came up with it?

A
  • Chomsky

- Argues that we are all born with an innate understanding with the way language works

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16
Q

What was identified within the Theory of Universal Grammar, regarding other languages?

A
  • All languages have similar grammar structures (i.e verbs, nouns, adjectives)
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17
Q

What did Chomsky say about grammar vs vocabulary?

A
  • Grammar = innate

- Vocabulary = learnt

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18
Q

What 3 things does the Theory of Universal Grammar explain?

A
  • Virtuous errors (i.e runned)
  • Unique utterances (i.e wug)
  • Over/Under extension
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19
Q

What is the LAD? Who created this theory?

A
  • Children have a hypothetical tool in the brain which helps to learn and quickly understand language
  • Chomsky
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20
Q

What does Poverty of Stimulus argue? Who came up with this?

A
  • Humans must have innate capabilities, as we learn our native language without being exposed to every type of environmental conditions and correct quality input from adults
  • Chomsky
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21
Q

What was Piaget’s theory? Is he nature or nurture?

A
  • 4 cognitive stages

- Nature AND nurture

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22
Q

What did Piaget say about children being taught language?

A
  • Children cannot be taught language before they are cognitively able to
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23
Q

What are the 4 cognitive stages? Provide the ages, too!

A
  1. Sensorimotor, 0-2 years
  2. Pre-Operational, 2-7 years
  3. Concrete Operational, 7-12 years
  4. Formal Operational, 12-16 years
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24
Q

What 5 things included within the Sensorimotor stage?

A
  • Egocentric
  • Concrete lexis
  • Learns through movement/sensation (i.e looking and grasping)
  • Object permanence
  • Realises their actions have an effect
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25
Q

What are the 4 things in the Pre-Operational stage?

A
  • Egocentric
  • Animism
  • Thinking symbolically with words and pictures
  • Developed motor skills
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26
Q

What are the 2 things included in the Concrete Operational stage?

A
  • Less egocentric

- Thinking logically about concrete events

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27
Q

What thing is in the Formal Operational stage?

A
  • Abstract thinking/hypothetical thoughts (i.e social, moral, ethical and political issues)
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28
Q

What are Aitchison’s 3 stages in her theory? Is she nature or nurture?

A
  • Labelling
  • Packaging
  • Network Building
  • Nature AND nurture
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29
Q

What two things does Aitchison believe about the speed of learning?

A
  • The speed of learning is due to nature and nurture

- There is no exact date to which a child develops language

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30
Q

What is Labelling? Whose idea is this?

A
  • Associating a name to something (i.e “Mummy” for mother)

- Aitchison

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31
Q

What is Packaging? Whose idea is this?

A
  • Understanding a word’s semantics, like over and under extension
  • Aitchison
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32
Q

What is Network Building? Whose idea is this?

A
  • Connection between words and how they can be opposite in building
  • Aitchison
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33
Q

What 2 groups are in Network Building? Provide an example

A
  • Hypernym = a word that can group other words (e.g colours)

- Hyponym = a word that can fit into a hypernym (e.g red, blue, green)

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34
Q

What is a morpheme?

A
  • The smallest unit of a word
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35
Q

What is a free morpheme? Provide an example

A
  • Make sense on their own

- i.e “Eat”, “weak”, “date”

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36
Q

What is a bound morpheme? Provide the two types

A
  • Does not make sense on its own
  • Derivational affixes
  • Inflectional affixes
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37
Q

What is a base word? Provide an example

A
  • The root of a word

- i.e “woman” in “womanly”

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38
Q

What is an affix?

A
  • Suffixes/prefixes
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39
Q

What does a derivational affix do? Provide an example

A
  • Alter meaning of a word

- i.e “healthy” vs “UNhealthy”, “garden” VS “gardener”

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40
Q

What does an inflectional affix do? Provide an example

A
  • Changes tense/grammar

- “-er”, “-est”, “-s”

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41
Q

What is the morpheme in the word “dissent”?

A
  • Bound morpheme -sent
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42
Q

What is the morpheme in the word “walls”?

A
  • Inflectional affix -s

- Free morpheme/base = “wall”

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43
Q

What was Snow’s theory? Nature or nurture?

A
  • CDS (Child-Directed Speech)

- Nurture

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44
Q

Name at least 7 out of 14 features of CDS

A
  • Prosody
  • Simplified vocabulary
  • Repeated grammatical frames
  • Simplified grammar
  • Paralinguistics
  • Recasting
  • Expansion
  • Labelling
  • Echoing
  • Over-articulating
  • Higher pitch
  • Frequent use of child’s name
  • Mitigated imperatives
  • Expatiation (speaking in detail)
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45
Q

What are 3 positives of using CDS?

A
  • Creates a positive relationship between adult and child
  • Makes language more understandable
  • Evokes a response
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46
Q

Why may CDS not be essential?

A
  • Some cultures do not use CDS and are still fluent in their language
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47
Q

What was Weber et al’s study? Nature or nurture

A
  • CDS in Senegal

- Nurture

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48
Q

Explain Weber et al’s study

A
  • Encouraged CDS in Wolof-speaking villages

- Caregivers with CDS doubled usage, others made no change

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49
Q

What did Weber et al find after 1 year?

A
  • Program villages’ children produced more utterances and had a greater improvement in language
  • Shows CDS is helpful
50
Q

What is Lenneburg’s theory? Nature or nurture?

A
  • The “Critical Period” Hypothesis

- Nurture

51
Q

What is the “Critical Period” Hypothesis? Whose theory is it?

A
  • The Critical Period is the ideal time span to acquire language (0-5)
  • Lenneburg
52
Q

What did Szendroi say about children’s early noun usage?

A
  • Their early nouns are concrete nouns due to growing up in a domestic setting
53
Q

Is Szendroi nature or nurture?

A

Nature

54
Q

What did Szendroi say surrounding virtuous errors?

A
  • Virtuous errors are due to lack of comprehension rather than mispronunciation
55
Q

What may a child think if an adult repeats an incorrect form, according to Szendroi?

A
  • The child may believe they are being mocked
56
Q

What did Szendroi say about correcting language?

A
  • Correcting language is superfluous as they will learn it eventually
57
Q

What was B.F Skinner’s theory? Nature or nurture?

A
  • Operant Conditioning

- Nurture

58
Q

What is Operant conditioning and what are the 3 reinforcement types? Whose idea is this?

A
  • Behaviour changing due to reinforcement
  • Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Punishment
  • B.F Skinner
59
Q

What is Positive reinforcement? What does it encourage?

A
  • Child is rewarded through praise/a treat for using language correctly
  • Encourages repetition
60
Q

What is Negative reinforcement? What does it encourage?

A
  • Child is interrupted for the correct use of language

- Encourages repetition of correct form

61
Q

What is Punishment? What does it discourage?

A
  • Child is told of for using language wrong

- Discourages repetition of incorrect form

62
Q

What 3 things can Punishment cause?

A
  • Aggression/fear
  • Behaviour can come back
  • Does not cause wanted behaviour
63
Q

What are the 3 main criticisms of Operant Conditioning theory?

A
  • Children don’t “imitate” correct forms
  • Fails to explain unique utterances
  • Theory relies on lack of free will that children have
64
Q

What is Bruner’s 4 theories? Nature or nurture?

A
  • Scaffolding theory
  • Spiral Curriculum
  • 3 modes of representation
  • LASS
65
Q

What is Scaffolding theory? Whose theory is it?

A
  • When children learn new concept, they need help from adults
  • They are dependant to become independent
  • Bruner
66
Q

What is Spiral Curriculum? Whose theory is this?

A
  • The more you learn, the more complex it becomes

- Bruner

67
Q

What are the 3 modes of representation Describe what they are

A
  • Enactive = physical learning (muscle memory)
  • Iconic = visual learning (videos)
  • Symbolic = written learning
68
Q

What is the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)? Whose theory is this?

A
  • Caregivers support children through CDS/interaction
  • Good quality interactions = more active role from child
  • Bruner
69
Q

What case does the LASS support?

A

Genie’s case study

70
Q

What are Vygotsky’s 2 theories? Nature or nurture?

A
  • The Zone of Proximal Development (ZoPD)

- MKO (More Knowledgeable Others)

71
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

A
  • The distance between what a child can understand and what they are yet to learn
72
Q

What are the 3 stages in the ZoPD?

A
  • Tasks that cannot be completed with assistance
  • Tasks that can be completed with assistance
  • Tasks that can be completed without assistance
73
Q

What is an MKO? Whose theory is this?

A
  • Anyone with a higher ability/better understanding than the learner
  • Vygotsky
74
Q

What did Vygotsky say about learning from an MKO?

A
  • Learning becomes more productive and contributory to cognitive development when acquired from an MKO
75
Q

What 3 things did Bellugi explore?

A
  • Pronouns
  • Negatives
  • Questions
76
Q

What are the 3 stages in Pronoun usage?

A
  1. Name instead of pronoun
  2. I/me pronouns used wrong
  3. I/me pronouns used right
77
Q

What are the 3 stages in Negative usage? Provide an example for each

A
  1. No/not at the start/end of sentences (No wear shoes!)
  2. No/not inside sentence (I no want it!)
  3. Uses negative auxiliary securely (No, I don’t want to go!)
78
Q

What is used in the Holophrastic/Two-word stage for Questions?

A
  • Upward intonation (have book?)
79
Q

What 4 main things are used in the Post-telegraphic stage for Questions?

A
  • Yes/no interrogatives
  • Inversion
  • Tag questions
  • Rising intonation
80
Q

What did Brown explore in his theory?

A
  • Morphemes and syntax
81
Q

What are the ages for the 4 stages in Brown’s theory?

A 
Stage 1 = 1 - 2.5 years
Stage 2 =  2.5 - 3 years
Stage 3 = 3 - 3.5 years
Stage 4 = 3.5 - 4 years
Stage 5 = 4 - 4.5 years
82
Q

Include 2 details of Stage 1 of Brown’s theory

A
  • No bound morphemes

- Word order generally correct

83
Q

Include 3 details of Stage 2 of Brown’s theory

A
  • Bound morphemes
  • Present progressive tense (-ing)
  • Regular -s plurals
84
Q

Include 4 details of Stage 3 of Brown’s theory

A
  • Adverbs
  • Adjectives
  • Possessives
  • Determiners
85
Q

Include 1 detail of Stage 4 of Brown’s theory

A
  • Regular past tense “-ed”
86
Q

Include 1 detail of Stage 5 of Brown’s theory

A
  • Compound sentences
87
Q

What did Nelson do?

A
  • Categorised the first 50 words a child learns
88
Q

What 2 results did Nelson find?

A
  • 60% = Concrete nouns

- 8% = Personal/social lexis

89
Q

What did Nelson say about early words learned by a child?

A
  • Early words were things that moved, made a noise or change in some way
90
Q

What did Dore explore?

A
  • 8 Functions
91
Q

What are the benefits of Dore’s theory?

A
  • Can be easily applied and less complex
92
Q

What are Dore’s 8 functions? Explain them

A
  • Labelling = Naming/identifying a person/object
  • Repeating = Repeating an adult word/utterance
  • Requesting action = Demanding/asking something to be done for them
  • Answering = Giving a direct response/answer to another spoker
  • Calling = Attracting attention via shouting
  • Greeting = Greeting someone/something
  • Protesting = Objecting to requests
  • Practising = Practising language when no adult is present
93
Q

What did Halliday explore?

A
  • 7 Functions

- Systemic Functional Language (SFL)

94
Q

What did Halliday say?

A
  • Contextual factors are key to language learning
95
Q

What are Halliday’s 7 functions?

A
  • Instrumental
  • Interactional
  • Imaginative
  • Personal
  • Regulatory
  • Representational
  • Heuristic
96
Q

What is Instrumental function? Provide an example

A
  • Used to fulfil a need

- i.e “want juice”

97
Q

What is Interactional function? Provide an example

A
  • Develops social relationships

- i.e “night night, love you!”

98
Q

What is Imaginative function? Provide an example

A
  • Explores imagination (playing)

- i.e “I’m Superman!”

99
Q

What is Personal function? Provide an example

A
  • Identity/opinions

- i.e “me like Tigger!”

100
Q

What is Regulatory function? Provide an example

A
  • Influences others’ behaviour

- i.e “put down”

101
Q

What is Representational function? Provide an example

A
  • Conveys facts/information

- i.e “it cold”

102
Q

What is Heuristic function? Provide an example

A
  • Learning/exploring environment

- i.e “wassat? why?”

103
Q

What are the 7 phonological errors in language developement?

A
  • Deletion
  • Substitution
  • Addition
  • Assimilation
  • Reduplication
  • Consonant cluster reductions
  • Deletion of unstressed syllables
104
Q

What is deletion? Provide an example

A
  • Omitting final consonant in words

- do(g), cu(p)

105
Q

What is substitution? Provide an example

A
  • Substituting one sound for another

- “pip” for “ship”

106
Q

What is addition? Provide an example

A
  • Adding an extra vowel at the end of words = CVCV pattern

- “doggie”

107
Q

What is assimilation? Provide an example

A
  • Changing one consonant/vowel for another, often d and b

- “gog” for “dog”

108
Q

What is reduplication? Provide an example

A
  • Repeating a whole syllable

- “dada”, “mama”

109
Q

What is a consonant cluster reduction? Provide an example

A
  • Consonant clusters are hard to articulate, so children reduce them to easier sounds
  • “‘pider” = “spider”
110
Q

What is deletion of unstressed syllables? Provide an example

A
  • Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words

- “nana” = “banana”

111
Q

What is an unstressed syllable? Provide an example

A
  • Part of the word that isn’t emphasised

- “to-DAY”, “DOC-tor”

112
Q

What are the 4 lexical stages in development? Provide the ages

A
  • Holophrastic (1 to 1.5 years)
  • Two-word (1.5 to 2 years)
  • Telegraphic (2 to 3 years)
  • Post-telegraphic (3+ years)
113
Q

What are the 3 details in the Holophrastic stage?

A
  • One word utterances
  • Context-dependant = “food” can mean many things
  • Concrete nouns
114
Q

What are the 2 details in the Two-word stage?

A
  • 2 words to make simple syntactic structures

- Subject + verb/verb + object (i.e “Mummy play”)

115
Q

What 4 things are omitted in the Telegraphic stage?

A
  • Verb inflections
  • Auxiliary verbs
  • Prepositions
  • Determiners
116
Q

What are the 3 details in the Telegraphic stage?

A
  • 3+ words joined accurately
  • Starts questions, negative, pronouns (Bellugi)
  • Omissions of verb inflections, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and determiners
117
Q

What are the 5 details in the Post-telegraphic stage?

A
  • 3+ words joined in a complex way
  • Compound/complex sentences
  • Passive voice
  • Adverbial clauses
  • Longer noun phrases
118
Q

What are the 4 preverbal stages? Provide the ages

A
  • Vegetative = 0-4 months
  • Cooing = 4-6 months
  • Babbling = 6-12 months
  • Protowords = 9-12 months
119
Q

What is in the Vegetative stage? Provide an example

A
  • Sounds of discomfort/reflexive actions

- Crying, burping, coughing, sucking

120
Q

What 5 things are in the Cooing stage?

A
  • Comfort sounds/vocal play (coos)
  • Laughter starts
  • Hard consonants and vowels
  • Pitch = squeals and growls
  • Loudness = yelling
121
Q

What 4 things are in the Babbling stage?

A
  • Repeated patterns
  • Sounds linking to own language
  • Reduplicated sounds = “ba-ba”
  • Non-reduplicated sounds = “agu”
122
Q

What 2 things are in the Proto word stage?

A
  • Word-like vocalisations (“mama”, “dada”, “baba”)

- Sounds has correspondence to something concrete

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