CLA Theorists Flashcards

1
Q

What was Clark’s theory and is she nature or nurture?

A
  • Overextension/Underextension

- Naturw

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2
Q

What did Clark say about acquisition of meaning?

A
  • A word must be refined once acquired
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3
Q

What is analogical overextension? Provide an example

A
  • Making links between different objects with similar properties
  • i.e All spherical objects a ball
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4
Q

What is categorical overextension? Provide an example

A
  • Referring to all objects in the same category by the same name
  • i.e Apple for all fruits, Daddy for all men, Car for all vehicles
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5
Q

Provide an example of underextension

A
  • Applying “grape” to only green grapes, not purple grapes
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6
Q

How does Clark’s theory fit with nature?

A
  • Shows an innate capacity to make sense of language through making connections between words
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7
Q

What are Berko and Brown’s theories and is nature of nurture?

A
  • “Fis” phenomenon
  • “Wug” test
  • Nature
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8
Q

Explain the “fis” phenomenon

A
  • Child refers to fish as “fis”
  • Adult asks, “Is this your fis?” = child says no
  • Adult asks, “Is this your fish?” = child says yes
  • Child could not make “sh” sound but was aware of the different phonemes
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9
Q

What does the “fis” phenomenon show?

A
  • A child’s comprehension is more advanced than their ability to produce words
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10
Q

Explain the “wug” test

A
  • Child is presented with a “wug”
  • Asked what two of these would be called
  • Child (aged 3-4) said “wugs”
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11
Q

What does the “wug” test show?

A
  • “Wug” is a made up word, yet children show acquisition of grammatical rules innately
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12
Q

What is Pinker’s theory and is it nature or nurture?

A
  • Language instinct

- Nature

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13
Q

Why do children learn to speak, according to Pinker?

A
  • Children learn to speak out of necessity of communication

- It is an evolutionary instinct which betters our chances of survival

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14
Q

What are Chomsky’s 3 theories and is he nature or nurture?

A
  • Theory of Universal Grammar
  • LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
  • Poverty of Stimulus
  • Nature
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15
Q

What is the Theory of Universal Grammar, and who came up with it?

A
  • Chomsky

- Argues that we are all born with an innate understanding with the way language works

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16
Q

What was identified within the Theory of Universal Grammar, regarding other languages?

A
  • All languages have similar grammar structures (i.e verbs, nouns, adjectives)
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17
Q

What did Chomsky say about grammar vs vocabulary?

A
  • Grammar = innate

- Vocabulary = learnt

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18
Q

What 3 things does the Theory of Universal Grammar explain?

A
  • Virtuous errors (i.e runned)
  • Unique utterances (i.e wug)
  • Over/Under extension
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19
Q

What is the LAD? Who created this theory?

A
  • Children have a hypothetical tool in the brain which helps to learn and quickly understand language
  • Chomsky
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20
Q

What does Poverty of Stimulus argue? Who came up with this?

A
  • Humans must have innate capabilities, as we learn our native language without being exposed to every type of environmental conditions and correct quality input from adults
  • Chomsky
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21
Q

What was Piaget’s theory? Is he nature or nurture?

A
  • 4 cognitive stages

- Nature AND nurture

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22
Q

What did Piaget say about children being taught language?

A
  • Children cannot be taught language before they are cognitively able to
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23
Q

What are the 4 cognitive stages? Provide the ages, too!

A
  1. Sensorimotor, 0-2 years
  2. Pre-Operational, 2-7 years
  3. Concrete Operational, 7-12 years
  4. Formal Operational, 12-16 years
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24
Q

What 5 things included within the Sensorimotor stage?

A
  • Egocentric
  • Concrete lexis
  • Learns through movement/sensation (i.e looking and grasping)
  • Object permanence
  • Realises their actions have an effect
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25
What are the 4 things in the Pre-Operational stage?
- Egocentric - Animism - Thinking symbolically with words and pictures - Developed motor skills
26
What are the 2 things included in the Concrete Operational stage?
- Less egocentric | - Thinking logically about concrete events
27
What thing is in the Formal Operational stage?
- Abstract thinking/hypothetical thoughts (i.e social, moral, ethical and political issues)
28
What are Aitchison's 3 stages in her theory? Is she nature or nurture?
- Labelling - Packaging - Network Building - Nature AND nurture
29
What two things does Aitchison believe about the speed of learning?
- The speed of learning is due to nature and nurture | - There is no exact date to which a child develops language
30
What is Labelling? Whose idea is this?
- Associating a name to something (i.e "Mummy" for mother) | - Aitchison
31
What is Packaging? Whose idea is this?
- Understanding a word's semantics, like over and under extension - Aitchison
32
What is Network Building? Whose idea is this?
- Connection between words and how they can be opposite in building - Aitchison
33
What 2 groups are in Network Building? Provide an example
- Hypernym = a word that can group other words (e.g colours) | - Hyponym = a word that can fit into a hypernym (e.g red, blue, green)
34
What is a morpheme?
- The smallest unit of a word
35
What is a free morpheme? Provide an example
- Make sense on their own | - i.e "Eat", "weak", "date"
36
What is a bound morpheme? Provide the two types
- Does not make sense on its own - Derivational affixes - Inflectional affixes
37
What is a base word? Provide an example
- The root of a word | - i.e "woman" in "womanly"
38
What is an affix?
- Suffixes/prefixes
39
What does a derivational affix do? Provide an example
- Alter meaning of a word | - i.e "healthy" vs "UNhealthy", "garden" VS "gardener"
40
What does an inflectional affix do? Provide an example
- Changes tense/grammar | - "-er", "-est", "-s"
41
What is the morpheme in the word "dissent"?
- Bound morpheme -sent
42
What is the morpheme in the word "walls"?
- Inflectional affix -s | - Free morpheme/base = "wall"
43
What was Snow's theory? Nature or nurture?
- CDS (Child-Directed Speech) | - Nurture
44
Name at least 7 out of 14 features of CDS
- Prosody - Simplified vocabulary - Repeated grammatical frames - Simplified grammar - Paralinguistics - Recasting - Expansion - Labelling - Echoing - Over-articulating - Higher pitch - Frequent use of child's name - Mitigated imperatives - Expatiation (speaking in detail)
45
What are 3 positives of using CDS?
- Creates a positive relationship between adult and child - Makes language more understandable - Evokes a response
46
Why may CDS not be essential?
- Some cultures do not use CDS and are still fluent in their language
47
What was Weber et al's study? Nature or nurture
- CDS in Senegal | - Nurture
48
Explain Weber et al's study
- Encouraged CDS in Wolof-speaking villages | - Caregivers with CDS doubled usage, others made no change
49
What did Weber et al find after 1 year?
- Program villages' children produced more utterances and had a greater improvement in language - Shows CDS is helpful
50
What is Lenneburg's theory? Nature or nurture?
- The "Critical Period" Hypothesis | - Nurture
51
What is the "Critical Period" Hypothesis? Whose theory is it?
- The Critical Period is the ideal time span to acquire language (0-5) - Lenneburg
52
What did Szendroi say about children's early noun usage?
- Their early nouns are concrete nouns due to growing up in a domestic setting
53
Is Szendroi nature or nurture?
Nature
54
What did Szendroi say surrounding virtuous errors?
- Virtuous errors are due to lack of comprehension rather than mispronunciation
55
What may a child think if an adult repeats an incorrect form, according to Szendroi?
- The child may believe they are being mocked
56
What did Szendroi say about correcting language?
- Correcting language is superfluous as they will learn it eventually
57
What was B.F Skinner's theory? Nature or nurture?
- Operant Conditioning | - Nurture
58
What is Operant conditioning and what are the 3 reinforcement types? Whose idea is this?
- Behaviour changing due to reinforcement - Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Punishment - B.F Skinner
59
What is Positive reinforcement? What does it encourage?
- Child is rewarded through praise/a treat for using language correctly - Encourages repetition
60
What is Negative reinforcement? What does it encourage?
- Child is interrupted for the correct use of language | - Encourages repetition of correct form
61
What is Punishment? What does it discourage?
- Child is told of for using language wrong | - Discourages repetition of incorrect form
62
What 3 things can Punishment cause?
- Aggression/fear - Behaviour can come back - Does not cause wanted behaviour
63
What are the 3 main criticisms of Operant Conditioning theory?
- Children don't "imitate" correct forms - Fails to explain unique utterances - Theory relies on lack of free will that children have
64
What is Bruner's 4 theories? Nature or nurture?
- Scaffolding theory - Spiral Curriculum - 3 modes of representation - LASS
65
What is Scaffolding theory? Whose theory is it?
- When children learn new concept, they need help from adults - They are dependant to become independent - Bruner
66
What is Spiral Curriculum? Whose theory is this?
- The more you learn, the more complex it becomes | - Bruner
67
What are the 3 modes of representation Describe what they are
- Enactive = physical learning (muscle memory) - Iconic = visual learning (videos) - Symbolic = written learning
68
What is the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)? Whose theory is this?
- Caregivers support children through CDS/interaction - Good quality interactions = more active role from child - Bruner
69
What case does the LASS support?
Genie's case study
70
What are Vygotsky's 2 theories? Nature or nurture?
- The Zone of Proximal Development (ZoPD) | - MKO (More Knowledgeable Others)
71
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
- The distance between what a child can understand and what they are yet to learn
72
What are the 3 stages in the ZoPD?
- Tasks that cannot be completed with assistance - Tasks that can be completed with assistance - Tasks that can be completed without assistance
73
What is an MKO? Whose theory is this?
- Anyone with a higher ability/better understanding than the learner - Vygotsky
74
What did Vygotsky say about learning from an MKO?
- Learning becomes more productive and contributory to cognitive development when acquired from an MKO
75
What 3 things did Bellugi explore?
- Pronouns - Negatives - Questions
76
What are the 3 stages in Pronoun usage?
1. Name instead of pronoun 2. I/me pronouns used wrong 3. I/me pronouns used right
77
What are the 3 stages in Negative usage? Provide an example for each
1. No/not at the start/end of sentences (No wear shoes!) 2. No/not inside sentence (I no want it!) 3. Uses negative auxiliary securely (No, I don't want to go!)
78
What is used in the Holophrastic/Two-word stage for Questions?
- Upward intonation (have book?)
79
What 4 main things are used in the Post-telegraphic stage for Questions?
- Yes/no interrogatives - Inversion - Tag questions - Rising intonation
80
What did Brown explore in his theory?
- Morphemes and syntax
81
What are the ages for the 4 stages in Brown's theory?
``` Stage 1 = 1 - 2.5 years Stage 2 = 2.5 - 3 years Stage 3 = 3 - 3.5 years Stage 4 = 3.5 - 4 years Stage 5 = 4 - 4.5 years ```
82
Include 2 details of Stage 1 of Brown's theory
- No bound morphemes | - Word order generally correct
83
Include 3 details of Stage 2 of Brown's theory
- Bound morphemes - Present progressive tense (-ing) - Regular -s plurals
84
Include 4 details of Stage 3 of Brown's theory
- Adverbs - Adjectives - Possessives - Determiners
85
Include 1 detail of Stage 4 of Brown's theory
- Regular past tense "-ed"
86
Include 1 detail of Stage 5 of Brown's theory
- Compound sentences
87
What did Nelson do?
- Categorised the first 50 words a child learns
88
What 2 results did Nelson find?
- 60% = Concrete nouns | - 8% = Personal/social lexis
89
What did Nelson say about early words learned by a child?
- Early words were things that moved, made a noise or change in some way
90
What did Dore explore?
- 8 Functions
91
What are the benefits of Dore's theory?
- Can be easily applied and less complex
92
What are Dore's 8 functions? Explain them
- Labelling = Naming/identifying a person/object - Repeating = Repeating an adult word/utterance - Requesting action = Demanding/asking something to be done for them - Answering = Giving a direct response/answer to another spoker - Calling = Attracting attention via shouting - Greeting = Greeting someone/something - Protesting = Objecting to requests - Practising = Practising language when no adult is present
93
What did Halliday explore?
- 7 Functions | - Systemic Functional Language (SFL)
94
What did Halliday say?
- Contextual factors are key to language learning
95
What are Halliday's 7 functions?
- Instrumental - Interactional - Imaginative - Personal - Regulatory - Representational - Heuristic
96
What is Instrumental function? Provide an example
- Used to fulfil a need | - i.e "want juice"
97
What is Interactional function? Provide an example
- Develops social relationships | - i.e "night night, love you!"
98
What is Imaginative function? Provide an example
- Explores imagination (playing) | - i.e "I'm Superman!"
99
What is Personal function? Provide an example
- Identity/opinions | - i.e "me like Tigger!"
100
What is Regulatory function? Provide an example
- Influences others' behaviour | - i.e "put down"
101
What is Representational function? Provide an example
- Conveys facts/information | - i.e "it cold"
102
What is Heuristic function? Provide an example
- Learning/exploring environment | - i.e "wassat? why?"
103
What are the 7 phonological errors in language developement?
- Deletion - Substitution - Addition - Assimilation - Reduplication - Consonant cluster reductions - Deletion of unstressed syllables
104
What is deletion? Provide an example
- Omitting final consonant in words | - do(g), cu(p)
105
What is substitution? Provide an example
- Substituting one sound for another | - "pip" for "ship"
106
What is addition? Provide an example
- Adding an extra vowel at the end of words = CVCV pattern | - "doggie"
107
What is assimilation? Provide an example
- Changing one consonant/vowel for another, often d and b | - "gog" for "dog"
108
What is reduplication? Provide an example
- Repeating a whole syllable | - "dada", "mama"
109
What is a consonant cluster reduction? Provide an example
- Consonant clusters are hard to articulate, so children reduce them to easier sounds - "'pider" = "spider"
110
What is deletion of unstressed syllables? Provide an example
- Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words | - "nana" = "banana"
111
What is an unstressed syllable? Provide an example
- Part of the word that isn't emphasised | - "to-DAY", "DOC-tor"
112
What are the 4 lexical stages in development? Provide the ages
- Holophrastic (1 to 1.5 years) - Two-word (1.5 to 2 years) - Telegraphic (2 to 3 years) - Post-telegraphic (3+ years)
113
What are the 3 details in the Holophrastic stage?
- One word utterances - Context-dependant = "food" can mean many things - Concrete nouns
114
What are the 2 details in the Two-word stage?
- 2 words to make simple syntactic structures | - Subject + verb/verb + object (i.e "Mummy play")
115
What 4 things are omitted in the Telegraphic stage?
- Verb inflections - Auxiliary verbs - Prepositions - Determiners
116
What are the 3 details in the Telegraphic stage?
- 3+ words joined accurately - Starts questions, negative, pronouns (Bellugi) - Omissions of verb inflections, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and determiners
117
What are the 5 details in the Post-telegraphic stage?
- 3+ words joined in a complex way - Compound/complex sentences - Passive voice - Adverbial clauses - Longer noun phrases
118
What are the 4 preverbal stages? Provide the ages
- Vegetative = 0-4 months - Cooing = 4-6 months - Babbling = 6-12 months - Protowords = 9-12 months
119
What is in the Vegetative stage? Provide an example
- Sounds of discomfort/reflexive actions | - Crying, burping, coughing, sucking
120
What 5 things are in the Cooing stage?
- Comfort sounds/vocal play (coos) - Laughter starts - Hard consonants and vowels - Pitch = squeals and growls - Loudness = yelling
121
What 4 things are in the Babbling stage?
- Repeated patterns - Sounds linking to own language - Reduplicated sounds = "ba-ba" - Non-reduplicated sounds = "agu"
122
What 2 things are in the Proto word stage?
- Word-like vocalisations ("mama", "dada", "baba") | - Sounds has correspondence to something concrete