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English Language > Sociolect theorists > Flashcards

Sociolect theorists Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Ives’ study?

A

BAE in Bradford

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2
Q

What did Ives explore?

A

The use of code switching in 8 teenage boys

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3
Q

What were the two main responses as to why the boys code switched in the Bradford study?

A
  • Because they didn’t want people to understand what they were saying (to exclude)
  • Because they wanted to separate themselves from “freshies”
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4
Q

Who are “freshies”?

A

People who were born in Pakistan but then moved to England

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5
Q

What does Ives say language depended on?

A

Postcode

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6
Q

What words were used the most in the school in Bradford?

A

Taboo lexis and Punjabi, often a mix of the two

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7
Q

What were the 4 influences on the teen’s language in Ives’ study?

A
  • Pop culture
  • The area/postcode
  • Being born in England
  • Age
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8
Q

What does language do to society and identity?

A

Language shapes and reflects society and identity

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9
Q

Where was Cheshire’s study and what group of people did it surround?

A
  • Reading

- Teens

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10
Q

What did 2 things did Cheshire explore?

A

Peer group culture and the use of non standard forms

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11
Q

In the Reading study, who was more likely to use non standard forms?

A

Boys who agreed with criminal behaviour

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12
Q

What does Cheshire’s study suggest about dialect variation?

A

Dialect variation is a conscious choice

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13
Q

Where was Kerswill’s study and what group of people did it surround?

A
  • Milton Keynes

- Teens

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14
Q

Why did Kerswill choose Milton Keynes?

A
  • New town, so lots of dialect mixing
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15
Q

What did Kerswill find in parents and children?

A
  • Lots of language variation in parents

- Less language variation in children

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16
Q

What is dialect levelling and who created this concept?

A
  • When dialects mix and eventually become less distinguished

- Kerswill

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17
Q

Where was McCafferty’s study and what group of people did it surround?

A
  • Londonderry

- Catholics/Protestants

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18
Q

How did McCafferty describe ethnicity?

A

Ethnicity = religion

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19
Q

What accent did Catholics and Protestants prefer in the Londonderry study?

A

They preferred Northern Irish to RP

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20
Q

What accent did Middle and Working class Catholics prefer?

A

They preferred Londonderry’s non standard forms

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21
Q

What accent did Middle class Protestants prefer?

A

They preferred Northern Irish non standard forms

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22
Q

Quote Macaulay

A

“The accent of the lowest state of Glaswegian is the ugliest… it is associated with the unwashed and the violent”

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23
Q

What did Macaulay find?

A

That the use of glottal stops decreased with age

24
Q

What was the usage of glottal stops by the female upper class at 15 years old compared to adulthood?

A
  • 93% at 15

- 60% at adulthood

25
Q

What did Petyt explore and where?

A

“h” dropping in Bradford

26
Q

what did Petyt find surrounding Vertical Mobility?

A

People adjusted to an RP accent

27
Q

How many people in the working class “h” dropped, according to Petyt?

A

93%

28
Q

How many people in the upper middle class “h” dropped, according to Petyt?

A

12%

29
Q

What did Trudgill explore and where?

A

“g” dropping in Norwich

30
Q

Who dropped their “g” the most in Trudgill’s study/

A

Men and lower social classes

31
Q

What did Trudgill find about what women and men say about their usage of standard forms?

A
  • Women; said they used standard forms more than they actually did (overt prestige)
  • Men; said they used non-standard forms more than they actually did (covert prestige)
32
Q

Where did Milroy and Milroy carry out their study and with whom?

A
  • Belfast

- Working class speakers

33
Q

What did Milroy say a high social network means?

A

There is a higher usage of non standard forms

34
Q

What did Milroy and Milroy say about close knit networks?

A

Close knit networks are important as they promote solidarity and identity

35
Q

What was found in unemployed men in Clonard? (Milroy and Milroy)

A

They were forced to look for work and did more domestic chores

36
Q

What was found in women in Clonard? (Milroy and Milroy)

A

They worked together and had a dense social network

37
Q

What was found surrounding the gender roles in Clonard?

A

They were blurred

38
Q

What did Bernstein explore?

A

Elaborated and Restricted code

39
Q

What did Bernstein find in the working class?

A

They only used restricted code

40
Q

What did Bernstein said schools do?

A

They use elaborate code in textbooks which puts the working class at a disadvantage

41
Q

Who did Danzig critique and what did he have to say?

A
  • Bernstein

- Said that his theory reflected a deficit model

42
Q

What was Giles’ theory called?

A

The Matched Guise Test

43
Q

What kind of people were included in the Matched Guise Test?

A

Bi-dialectal people

44
Q

What were the attitudes towards RP speakers?

A
  • Highly educated

- Lacked social attributes

45
Q

What were the attitudes towards national accents?

A

They were favoured in the middle

46
Q

What were the attitudes towards regional accents, specifically the Brummie accent?

A
  • Least imposing
  • Less convincing
  • Least attractive
  • Rated below silence for intelligence
47
Q

What did Labov explore in NYC?

A

The Rhotic R/postvocalic “r”

48
Q

What is the Rhotic R seen as in the UK and the US?

A

Prestigious in the US, less prestigious in the UK

49
Q

What were the 3 shops examined in Labov’s NYC study and what class were they?

A
  • Saks; upper class
  • Macy’s; middle class
  • Klein’s; working class
50
Q

Which shop used the Rhotic R without fail?

A

Saks

51
Q

What happened with Macy’s surrounding the Rhotic R?

A

There was an upwards shift when asked to repeat

52
Q

What was found in Klein’s?

A

They used the Rhotic R the least

53
Q

What did Labov explore in his Martha’s Vineyard Study?

A
  • Fishermen and their use of vowel sounds
54
Q

How many visitors does Martha’s Vineyard get every summer?

A

40’000

55
Q

What is Martha’s Vineyard known for?

A

Their fishing industry

56
Q

What did the Fishermen do in Martha’s Vineyard?

A

They subconsciously changed vowel sounds in order to distance themselves from visitors (diverging)

57
Q

Why did the fishermen in Martha’s Vineyard diverge their language?

A
  • To seek solidarity
  • To seek covert prestige
  • To express their identity

English Language (21 decks)

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