Occupation theorists Flashcards
What was Goffman’s theory called?
Face theory/FTAs
What did Brown and Levinson expand upon?
Face theory
What did Brown and Levinson say about a speaker who uses a positive FTA? Provide an example
- speaker does not care about hearer’s feelings/wants
- complaints, criticisms, controversial topics, interruptions
What did Brown and Levinson say about a speaker who uses a negative FTA? Provide an example
- speaker imposes on hearer (softened)
- offers, promises, expressing gratitude
What is positive face?
The desire to be liked
What is negative face?
The desire to be left alone
What are the 4 politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson?
Bald on-record (direct), Off-record (indirect), Positive politeness and Negative politeness
What is bald on-record politeness (direct) and who is it used with? Provide an example
- Often imperatives
- Used with friends and family
- “Watch out!”
What is the point of positive politeness and what does one use with it?
- Minimize threat to positive face
- Uses hedging, statements of friendship/solidarity and compliments
What is the point of negative politeness and what does one use with it?
- Minimize threat to negative face
- Indirect, apologetic, minimize imposition
What does off-record politeness rely on (indirect)? Provide an example
- Relies on pragmatics and interpretation
- Example: “My head hurts”, “Oh, would you like a painkiller?”
What theory did Giles create? Provide the two main categories of this theory
- CAT; Communication Accommodation Theory
- Convergence and Divergence
What is an example of Upward Convergence?
Someone with a regional accent trying to speak in an RP accent for a job interview
What is an example of Downward Convergence and what does it often show?
An RP speaker moving their language down to a regional accent.
Often used to mimic an accent or to poke fun. Negative connotations
What is an example of Upward Divergence and why may it be used?
An RP speaker strengthening their accent
To appear higher-ranking and more intelligent
What is an example of Downward Divergence and why may it be used?
A regional speaker strengthening their accent
To show solidarity within their community and proudness
What theories did Sinclair and Coulthard create? (2)
IRF structure and 3 main functions of teacher talk
What does IRF stand for?
Initiation, Response, Feedback
What are the 3 functions of teacher talk, and who came up with this?
- Sinclair and Coulthard
- Informative (fact/statement)
- Elicitation (questions)
- Directive (often imperative, but not always = i.e “(could you) open your books (?)”)
What was Fairclough’s theory?
Conversationalism
What 2 things did Fairclough state in their theory?
- Exchanges in the workplace are becoming less and less formal
- There are more unequal encounters
What did Foucault say about control in the classroom? (2)
- Called it surveillance
- Power controls society; both subtle and direct
What theory did O’Connor and Michaels explore?
Revoicing in teaching
What are the 4 reasons why revoicing is helpful in the classroom?
- Draws other student’s attention
- Stresses importance in the answer
- Better understanding
- Provokes further discourse
What did Rowe explore?
Wait time in teaching
How long do teachers wait for a student’s response?
1 second or less
What did Herbert and Straight say?
Compliments (in the workplace) flow from the higher rank to the lower ranks
What did Herrgard say? Provide an example
- Jargon makes the workplace more efficient
- AFL, MFL
What was Herring’s study?
- An email discussion with 30 men and 5 women
What did Herring find about men and women in their findings?
- Men = more direct, openly opinionated, 2x as long emails
- Women = more personal and emotional in their emails
What was Roberts and Sarangi’s theory called?
- Multiple Discourse Identities
What did Roberts and Sarangi say within their theory? Provide an example
- People change register depending on who they’re talking to
- i.e Banter with a colleague vs politeness with a customer (code-switching)
What did French and Raven categorise?
The 6 types of power
Name all 6 types of power
- Coercive
- Reward
- Legitimate
- Referent/Influential
- Expert
- Informational
What is coercive power? Provide an example
- Threatening others for compliance
- i.e Being demoted
What is reward power? Provide an example
- Offering rewards for compliance
- i.e A child gets money for doing chores
What is legitimate power? Provide an example
- Enforces authority and enforces who people are obedient to
- i.e Teacher, Police officer, etc
What is referent/influential power? Provide an example
- A leader’s ability to inspire others in a group
- i.e A boss in a workplace
What is expert power? Provide an example
- Someone who has experience/special skills
- i.e Lawyer, Doctor, Academic
What is Informational power? Provide an example
- Holding information
- i.e Doctors, Teachers, etc
Which 2 types of power often go hand in hand?
Expert and Informational
What was Swales’ theory called?
Discourse communities
What are the 3 categories in discourse communities?
- Share a set of common goals
- Use specialist lexis/jargon
- Possess a level of knowledge so that they can communicate with others
What what Drew and Heritage’s theory called?
Institutional Talk
What are the 6 categories in Drew and Heritage’s theory?
- Goal orientation
- Turn taking rules/restrictions
- Allowable contributions
- Jargon/Specialist lexis
- Structure (higher ranks move conversation along, etc)
- Asymmetry (less powerful participants, unequal encounters, etc)
What did Hornyak state?
Work to Personal talk is initiated by the highest ranking person in the room
What was Grice’s theory?
Conversational maxims/Grice’s maxims
What can happen to conversational maxims?
They can be flouted for power/influence
What are the 4 conversational maxims?
- Quantity
- Quality
- Relation
- Manner
What is the maxim of quantity?
To be concise; Only use as much information as necessary
What is the maxim of quality?
To be truthful
What is the maxim of relation?
To be relevant
What is the maxim of manner?
To be clear and precise; no ambiguity
