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English Language > Occupation theorists > Flashcards

Occupation theorists Flashcards

1
Q

What was Goffman’s theory called?

A

Face theory/FTAs

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2
Q

What did Brown and Levinson expand upon?

A

Face theory

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3
Q

What did Brown and Levinson say about a speaker who uses a positive FTA? Provide an example

A
  • speaker does not care about hearer’s feelings/wants

- complaints, criticisms, controversial topics, interruptions

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4
Q

What did Brown and Levinson say about a speaker who uses a negative FTA? Provide an example

A
  • speaker imposes on hearer (softened)

- offers, promises, expressing gratitude

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5
Q

What is positive face?

A

The desire to be liked

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6
Q

What is negative face?

A

The desire to be left alone

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7
Q

What are the 4 politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson?

A

Bald on-record (direct), Off-record (indirect), Positive politeness and Negative politeness

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8
Q

What is bald on-record politeness (direct) and who is it used with? Provide an example

A
  • Often imperatives
  • Used with friends and family
  • “Watch out!”
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9
Q

What is the point of positive politeness and what does one use with it?

A
  • Minimize threat to positive face

- Uses hedging, statements of friendship/solidarity and compliments

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10
Q

What is the point of negative politeness and what does one use with it?

A
  • Minimize threat to negative face

- Indirect, apologetic, minimize imposition

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11
Q

What does off-record politeness rely on (indirect)? Provide an example

A
  • Relies on pragmatics and interpretation

- Example: “My head hurts”, “Oh, would you like a painkiller?”

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12
Q

What theory did Giles create? Provide the two main categories of this theory

A
  • CAT; Communication Accommodation Theory

- Convergence and Divergence

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13
Q

What is an example of Upward Convergence?

A

Someone with a regional accent trying to speak in an RP accent for a job interview

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14
Q

What is an example of Downward Convergence and what does it often show?

A

An RP speaker moving their language down to a regional accent.
Often used to mimic an accent or to poke fun. Negative connotations

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15
Q

What is an example of Upward Divergence and why may it be used?

A

An RP speaker strengthening their accent

To appear higher-ranking and more intelligent

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16
Q

What is an example of Downward Divergence and why may it be used?

A

A regional speaker strengthening their accent

To show solidarity within their community and proudness

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17
Q

What theories did Sinclair and Coulthard create? (2)

A

IRF structure and 3 main functions of teacher talk

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18
Q

What does IRF stand for?

A

Initiation, Response, Feedback

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19
Q

What are the 3 functions of teacher talk, and who came up with this?

A
  • Sinclair and Coulthard
  • Informative (fact/statement)
  • Elicitation (questions)
  • Directive (often imperative, but not always = i.e “(could you) open your books (?)”)
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20
Q

What was Fairclough’s theory?

A

Conversationalism

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21
Q

What 2 things did Fairclough state in their theory?

A
  • Exchanges in the workplace are becoming less and less formal
  • There are more unequal encounters
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22
Q

What did Foucault say about control in the classroom? (2)

A
  • Called it surveillance

- Power controls society; both subtle and direct

23
Q

What theory did O’Connor and Michaels explore?

A

Revoicing in teaching

24
Q

What are the 4 reasons why revoicing is helpful in the classroom?

A
  • Draws other student’s attention
  • Stresses importance in the answer
  • Better understanding
  • Provokes further discourse
25
Q

What did Rowe explore?

A

Wait time in teaching

26
Q

How long do teachers wait for a student’s response?

A

1 second or less

27
Q

What did Herbert and Straight say?

A

Compliments (in the workplace) flow from the higher rank to the lower ranks

28
Q

What did Herrgard say? Provide an example

A
  • Jargon makes the workplace more efficient

- AFL, MFL

29
Q

What was Herring’s study?

A
  • An email discussion with 30 men and 5 women
30
Q

What did Herring find about men and women in their findings?

A
  • Men = more direct, openly opinionated, 2x as long emails

- Women = more personal and emotional in their emails

31
Q

What was Roberts and Sarangi’s theory called?

A
  • Multiple Discourse Identities
32
Q

What did Roberts and Sarangi say within their theory? Provide an example

A
  • People change register depending on who they’re talking to

- i.e Banter with a colleague vs politeness with a customer (code-switching)

33
Q

What did French and Raven categorise?

A

The 6 types of power

34
Q

Name all 6 types of power

A
  • Coercive
  • Reward
  • Legitimate
  • Referent/Influential
  • Expert
  • Informational
35
Q

What is coercive power? Provide an example

A
  • Threatening others for compliance

- i.e Being demoted

36
Q

What is reward power? Provide an example

A
  • Offering rewards for compliance

- i.e A child gets money for doing chores

37
Q

What is legitimate power? Provide an example

A
  • Enforces authority and enforces who people are obedient to

- i.e Teacher, Police officer, etc

38
Q

What is referent/influential power? Provide an example

A
  • A leader’s ability to inspire others in a group

- i.e A boss in a workplace

39
Q

What is expert power? Provide an example

A
  • Someone who has experience/special skills

- i.e Lawyer, Doctor, Academic

40
Q

What is Informational power? Provide an example

A
  • Holding information

- i.e Doctors, Teachers, etc

41
Q

Which 2 types of power often go hand in hand?

A

Expert and Informational

42
Q

What was Swales’ theory called?

A

Discourse communities

43
Q

What are the 3 categories in discourse communities?

A
  • Share a set of common goals
  • Use specialist lexis/jargon
  • Possess a level of knowledge so that they can communicate with others
44
Q

What what Drew and Heritage’s theory called?

A

Institutional Talk

45
Q

What are the 6 categories in Drew and Heritage’s theory?

A
  • Goal orientation
  • Turn taking rules/restrictions
  • Allowable contributions
  • Jargon/Specialist lexis
  • Structure (higher ranks move conversation along, etc)
  • Asymmetry (less powerful participants, unequal encounters, etc)
46
Q

What did Hornyak state?

A

Work to Personal talk is initiated by the highest ranking person in the room

47
Q

What was Grice’s theory?

A

Conversational maxims/Grice’s maxims

48
Q

What can happen to conversational maxims?

A

They can be flouted for power/influence

49
Q

What are the 4 conversational maxims?

A
  • Quantity
  • Quality
  • Relation
  • Manner
50
Q

What is the maxim of quantity?

A

To be concise; Only use as much information as necessary

51
Q

What is the maxim of quality?

A

To be truthful

52
Q

What is the maxim of relation?

A

To be relevant

53
Q

What is the maxim of manner?

A

To be clear and precise; no ambiguity

English Language (21 decks)

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