Occupation theorists Flashcards
What was Goffman’s theory called?
Face theory/FTAs
What did Brown and Levinson expand upon?
Face theory
What did Brown and Levinson say about a speaker who uses a positive FTA? Provide an example
- speaker does not care about hearer’s feelings/wants
- complaints, criticisms, controversial topics, interruptions
What did Brown and Levinson say about a speaker who uses a negative FTA? Provide an example
- speaker imposes on hearer (softened)
- offers, promises, expressing gratitude
What is positive face?
The desire to be liked
What is negative face?
The desire to be left alone
What are the 4 politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson?
Bald on-record (direct), Off-record (indirect), Positive politeness and Negative politeness
What is bald on-record politeness (direct) and who is it used with? Provide an example
- Often imperatives
- Used with friends and family
- “Watch out!”
What is the point of positive politeness and what does one use with it?
- Minimize threat to positive face
- Uses hedging, statements of friendship/solidarity and compliments
What is the point of negative politeness and what does one use with it?
- Minimize threat to negative face
- Indirect, apologetic, minimize imposition
What does off-record politeness rely on (indirect)? Provide an example
- Relies on pragmatics and interpretation
- Example: “My head hurts”, “Oh, would you like a painkiller?”
What theory did Giles create? Provide the two main categories of this theory
- CAT; Communication Accommodation Theory
- Convergence and Divergence
What is an example of Upward Convergence?
Someone with a regional accent trying to speak in an RP accent for a job interview
What is an example of Downward Convergence and what does it often show?
An RP speaker moving their language down to a regional accent.
Often used to mimic an accent or to poke fun. Negative connotations
What is an example of Upward Divergence and why may it be used?
An RP speaker strengthening their accent
To appear higher-ranking and more intelligent
What is an example of Downward Divergence and why may it be used?
A regional speaker strengthening their accent
To show solidarity within their community and proudness
What theories did Sinclair and Coulthard create? (2)
IRF structure and 3 main functions of teacher talk
What does IRF stand for?
Initiation, Response, Feedback
What are the 3 functions of teacher talk, and who came up with this?
- Sinclair and Coulthard
- Informative (fact/statement)
- Elicitation (questions)
- Directive (often imperative, but not always = i.e “(could you) open your books (?)”)
What was Fairclough’s theory?
Conversationalism
What 2 things did Fairclough state in their theory?
- Exchanges in the workplace are becoming less and less formal
- There are more unequal encounters
What did Foucault say about control in the classroom? (2)
- Called it surveillance
- Power controls society; both subtle and direct
What theory did O’Connor and Michaels explore?
Revoicing in teaching
What are the 4 reasons why revoicing is helpful in the classroom?
- Draws other student’s attention
- Stresses importance in the answer
- Better understanding
- Provokes further discourse
