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Bacteriolgy > Spirochetes (Ex3) > Flashcards

Spirochetes (Ex3) Flashcards

1
Q

Spirochete general features

A
  • Gram-negative (weakly)
  • slender, helically coiled
  • move with corkscrew or flexing motion
  • flagella in periplastic space
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2
Q

What are the pathogenic members of spirochetes?

A

Brachyspira
Borrelia
Treponema
Leptospira

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3
Q

Leptospira habitat and main source/reservoir

A
  • maintained in renal tubules of reservoir animals
  • excreted through urine
  • survive in water, moist soil, and mud
  • main source is rats
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4
Q

Virulence factors of Leptospira

A
  • endoflagella
  • outer membrane proteins
  • LPS
  • hemolysins
  • protein cytotoxins
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5
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Leptospira

A
  • entry/penetration of mucosa or epithelium
  • bacteremia
  • enter kidney, liver, spleen, CNS, genital tract
  • antibodies may develop
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6
Q

Leptospirosis in dogs clinical signs

A
  • mild to severe
  • acute febrile illness
  • renal or hepatic injury, uveitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, abortion
  • PU-PD, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, lethargy, inappetence, ab pain
  • bleeding abnormalities, DIC
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7
Q

Leptospirosis: when is it best to test blood?

When is it best to test urine?

A

Initial stage: organisms in blood, no antibodies present yet

After 1-2 weeks: organisms in kidney, antibodies present, test urine

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8
Q

What is the Gold Standard test for Leptospirosis?

What is indicative of an active infection?

A

Microscopic agglutination test

- four-fold increase in titers is indicative of active infection

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9
Q

What are the treatments for Leptospirosis in dogs?

A
  • supportive care
  • antimicrobials
  • Penicillins during acute disease
  • Doxycycline to minimize carrier state (post-exposure)
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10
Q

Leptospirosis in Cattle/Ruminants

  • clinical signs
  • serovar
A
  • serovar: Pomona
  • high fever, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, pulmonary congestion, meningitis, and death
  • aglactia and milk drop syndrome in lactating cows
  • L. borgpetersennii: reproductive failure due to early embryonic death and repeat breeding
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11
Q

Treatment for Leptospirosis in cattle/ruminants

A
  • long-acting tetracyclines
  • sustained-released ceftiofur
  • vaccines
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12
Q

Leptospirosis in Horses

  • serovars
  • clinical signs
A
  • serovars: Pomona and grippotyphosa
  • most commonly associated with abortions and systemic illness in foals
  • in foals: hemolysis, vasculitis
  • renal failure, hepatopathy
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13
Q

Leptospirosis in Pigs

  • serovars
  • clinical signs
A
  • Pomona and Bratislava

- reproductive failure: infertility and sporadic abortion

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14
Q

Leptospirosis in Humans

- signs

A
  • flu-like symptoms
  • ranges in severity
  • possible: hepatic or renal failure
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15
Q

What disease does Treponema cause in humans?

A

Syphilis, and STD

- T. pallidum

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16
Q

Papillonmatous Digital Dermatitis (PPD)

  • species that causes it
  • other names
  • signs
A
  • Treponema
  • “Hairy Heel Warts”
  • lameness in cows
  • decreased milk production, lower repro efficiency
17
Q

Treatment of Papillonmatous Digital Dermatitis

A
  • spraying feet of dairy cattle with antibiotic solutions while in milking parlor
  • formaldehyde foot baths
18
Q

Treponema paraculis-cuniculi

  • disease caused
  • signs
  • transmission
A
  • Rabbit syphilis or Vent disease in rabbits
  • self-limiting
  • perineal and facial lesions, epidermal hyperplasia with erosions, ulcers
  • initial lesions on genitals
  • spread by direct or venereal contact
19
Q

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

  • disease caused
  • habitat
  • virulence factors
  • transmission
A
  • swine dysentery in actively growing pigs
  • obligate parasite of colon of pigs
  • virulence: cytotoxin, hemolysin, LPS
  • fecal-oral, mechanical vectors, carrier pigs
20
Q

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Pathogenesis

A
  • invades intestinal crypts and disrupts colonic epithelium
  • erosion of superficial epithelium, excess mucus, edema, hemorrhage, psuedomembrane
  • death from dehyrdation
  • damaged epithelium absorbs endotoxins
21
Q

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae clinical signs

A
  • lesions in large intestine only
  • fibronecrotic pseudomembranous colitis
  • bloody diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss
22
Q

General features of Borrelia

A
  • gram-neg
  • loosely coiled spirochete
  • commonly cause arthropod-borne infections
  • linear chromosome
23
Q

Lyme disease

  • bacteria
  • transmission
A

Borrelia burgdorferi

- transmitted by Ixodes ticks

24
Q

Virulence factors of Borrelia

A
  • LPS

- antigenic variation in major outer surface lipoproteins

25
Q

Explain the transmission cycle of Borrelia

A
  • ticks become infected when feeding on animal with high bacteremia
  • after tick ingests blood, spirochete upregulates expression of OSP
  • spirochete moves from hind gut, to hemolymph, to salivary glands
  • larvae bites small rodents/birds, become infected, grows to nymph and bites second host, develops to adult and feeds on third host
26
Q

Pathogenesis of Borrelia

A
  • after inoculation, spirochetes multiply in skin, and disseminate into the blood
  • skin rash often first sign in humans
  • spread through blood to joints, brain, nerves, etc.
27
Q

Canine Lyme Disease signs

A
  • infection usually subclinical
  • fever, acute arthritis, arthralgia, and lameness
  • sometimes anorexia, lethargy, and depression
  • CNS, heart, renal lesions, and uveitis
28
Q

How do you interpret test results for Lyme disease?

A

Signs and pos: infected
Healthy and neg: not infected
Signs and neg: evaluate for underlying disease, retest
Healthy and pos: likely subclinical

29
Q

Treatments for Lyme disease

A
  • doxycycline
  • vector control
  • vaccines for dogs
  • antibodies against OSP A antigen

Bacteriolgy (17 decks)

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