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Anatomy and physiology > spine and thorax > Flashcards

spine and thorax Flashcards

1
Q

key elements of the spine

A

vertebrae
discs
facet joints
spinal cord
ligaments

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2
Q

natural curves of the vertebral column

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

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3
Q

bones of the spinal column

A

cervical - first 7
thoracic - 12 midback with ribs
lumbar - 5 in lower back
sacrum- 5 fused vertebrae
coccyx- 4 fused vertebrae

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4
Q

anatomy of typical vertebra

A

vertebral body:
- thick disc shaped anterior portion
- weight bearing part of vertebra
- roughened surfaces for the attachment of the discs superior and inferior
- nutrient foramina anteriorly and laterally

vertebral arch:
- extends posteriorly
- formed by 2 processes projecting posteriorly from body; pedicles which then unite ton from this laminae

arch and body surround spinal cord= vertebral foramen= when stacked= vertebral canal

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5
Q

processes on a vertebra

A

7 processes- serves as attachment points for muscles and arise from vertebral arch

2 transverse processes
1 spinous process
4 processes that forms joints with the vertebrae either above or below

2 superior articular processes articulate with the inferior articulate vertebrae above= surfaces a called facets

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6
Q

intervertebral disc

A
  • fibrocartliagenous cylinder
  • lies between vertebrae
  • allow 4 mobility and flexibility of spine and absorb shock
  • in lumbar n thoracic due 2 curve the disc is wedge shaped
  • made of annulus fibrosus (tough collagenous part) and nucleus pulposus (jelly like substance)
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7
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7 vertebrae
- support head
- allow for rotation, nod and shake
- large vertebral formed for cervical enlargement of spinal cord
- 2 transverse foramen to allow vertebral artery to pass into brain
- vertebral foramen is TRIANGULAR
- C2-C6 have bifid spinous process
- C1 AND C2 SPECIALISED TO ALLOW NOD AND SHAKE

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8
Q

C1

A

C1: ATLAS
- specialised, atypical ring shaped vertebra
- allow yes nodding
- no vertebral body but has ant and post arch and large lateral masses
- articulates with occipital condyle (of occipital bone) 2 form paired atlanto-occipital joints and the dens of C2 to from atlanto-axial

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9
Q

C2

A

C2: AXIS
- specialised, atypical vertebra
- unique projection= den= allow 4 no movement
- articulat with atlas 2 from atlantoaxial joint
- has vertebral body

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10
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  • 12 medium sized
  • specialised to articulate articulate with ribs= bony thorax
  • 2 demi facets (sup and inf) placed on either side
  • demi facets articulate with the head of 2 diff ribs
  • on transverse processes, there is coastal head for articulate with shaft of single rib
  • spinous process positioned oblique (inf and pos)
  • vertebral foramen is CIRCULAR
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11
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A
  • 5 vertebrae
  • largest and kidney shaped
  • no transverse foramina, costal facets or bifid spinous processes
  • triangular shapes vertebral foramen
  • spinous processes short and don’t extend inferiorsly below the level of the vertebral body
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12
Q

sacrum and coccyx

A
  • lie at end of vertebral column
  • composed of fused vertebrae ( aka false vertebrae )
    SACRUM:
  • 5 vertebrae
  • inverted triangle
  • posterior wall of pelvis
  • facets on the wall where articulate with ilium 2 form sacroiliac joint

COCCYX:
- 4 vertebrae
- small bone which articulates with apex of sacrum
- no vertebral canal or arches

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13
Q

ribs

A
  • set of 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs
  • connect to spine at back and curve around to front to attach to chest
  • attach to sternum via hyaline costal cartilage
  • protects the heart and lungs
  • support upper body
  • FIRST 7 PAIRS ARE TRUE= attach directly 2 sternum via sternocostal joints
  • 8-10 PAIRS ARE FALSE= attach to each other then t cartilage on 7th rib
  • 11-12 PAIR ARE FLOATING= anterior ends don’t attach at all to the sternum
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14
Q

thoracic cage

A

bony enclosure formed by the sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebral bodies and costal cartilages
- encloses and protects organs within thoracic and superior abdominal cavities
- provide support for bones of upper limb

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15
Q

spinal cord and spinal nerves

A
  • extends from the medulla oblongata to L1-L2
  • cord divided into 31 segments each corresponding to a pair of spinal nerves ( 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
  • each pair of spinal nerves has 2 roots (dorsal for sensory impulses and ventral foramen motor impulses)
  • contains grey matter at cord
  • white matter surrounds grey (myelinated fibres)
  • responsible for reflexes
  • protected by bony vertebrae, CSF and 3 layers of meninges
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16
Q

main ligaments

A
  • ligamentum flavum: attaches between laminae of each vertebra
  • ant and pos longitudinal ligament: continuous band that run from top to bottom of vertebral column
  • supraspinous ligament: connects the tip of the spinous processes from C vertebrae to sacrum
  • nuchal ligament: occipital protuberance to C7 spinous processes
  • intertransverse ligament: stretches between transverse processes
  • intraspinous ligament: between adjacent spinous processes
17
Q

main muscles

A

SUPERFICIAL/ EXTRINSIC:
- trapezius
- lattisimus dorsi
- both rhomboids
- levator scapulae

INTERMEDIATE:
- serratus posterior superior/ inferior
SUP: C7-T3 INSERTS INTO THE 2-5 RIBS (AID INHALATION)
INF: T11-L2 INSERTS INTO 9-12 RIBS (AID EXHALATION)

DEEP/ INTRINSIC:
- erector spinae: group of 3 muscles run vertically along the spine on either side of column (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis( EXTEND AND STABILISE)
- transversospinalis: mulifidus, rotatores, semispinalis (SMALL MUSCLE 4 FINE TUNING MOVEMENT
- interspinalis and intertranversii: between spinous processes and transverse processes of vertebrae
- semispinalis capitis/ cervicis: flat muscle at back of neck

18
Q

what do deep, intermediate and superficial muscles attach to?

A

DEEP: SPINAL COLUMN
INTER: SPINLA COLUMN
SUP: ATTACH TO SPINLA COLUMN

19
Q

arterial supply

A
  • primarily supplied by longitudinal arteries and reinforced by segmental and radiculomedullary arteries
  • vertebral arteries give rise 2 anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal artery that run along entire length of cord
  • supply reinforced by numerous radiculomedullary arteries
  • dominant radioculomedullary artery is the artery of ADAMKIEWICZ-n damage 2 this can cause paralysis
20
Q

venous drainage

A

divided into:
internal vertebral venous plexus
external vertebral venous plexus
basivertbral veins
radicular and radiculomeduallary veins

21
Q

surrounding anatomy

A

muscles: intrinsic, extrinsic and intermediate
ligaments: to limit excessive movement
nerves: arise from spinal cord and carry sensory and motor info to and from the body
blood vessels: provide blood 2 spinal cord and brain
meninges: surround spinal cord
organs: heart and lungs in cavity; intestines rectum,bladder and repord organs in pelvis; kidneys and liver in abdomen

Anatomy and physiology (24 decks)

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