blood and lymph- lymph system (part 2)

Question 1

what is a lymph

Answer 1

drains excess interstitial fluid from tissues

Question 2

what is lymph made of

Answer 2

clear watery and slightly yellow

made of tissue fluid, plasma proteins, bacteria, cellular debris and lymphocytes

similar in comparison to blood plasma

no rbc

Question 3

functions of the lymphoid system

Answer 3

• drain excess interstitial fluid from tissues
• immune response
• transport of dietary lipids

Question 4

what makes up lymphoid system

Answer 4

• lymph vessels
• lymph nodes
• red bone marrow
• thymus
• tonsils
• spleen

Question 5

where does lymph flows

Answer 5

lymphatic capillaries

lymph vessels

lymph trunks (via lymph nodes)

lymphatic ducts

venous blood

Question 6

lymphatic capillaries s

Answer 6

• closed at one end
• one cell thick
• overlapping cells form one way entrance
• greater permeability and larger diameter than blood capillaries

Question 7

lymphatic vessels

Answer 7

• capillaries join together to form vessels
• contains valves
• similar to veins (thin walls)
• flow thru lymph nodes
• present where there’s blood capillaries = except for teeth, bone marrow, CNS and avascular tissue

Question 8

lymph nodes

Answer 8

• over 600 nodes are costed along vessels
• usually occur in groups
• lymph will pass thru 8-10 nodes before returning to blood

Question 9

major groups of lymph nodes

Answer 9

• cervical nodes (along internal jugular vein)
• axillary nodes ( in axilla)
• deep nodes (related to aorta and celiac trunk and sup and inf mesentric arteries)
• pericranial ring (base of head )
• tracheal nodes (related to trachea and bronchi)
• inguinal nodes (along inguinal ligament)
• femoral nodes (along femoral vein)

Question 10

lymphatic trunks

Answer 10

vessels unite to form trunks

intestinal trunk
l and r lumbar trunks
l and r bronchomediastinal trunks
l and r subclavian trunks
l and r jugular trunks

Question 11

intestinal trunk

Answer 11

drain lymph from:
stomach
spleen
pancreas
intestine
part of liver

Question 12

lumbar trunks

Answer 12

drain lymph from;
lower limbs
pelvis
kidney
adrenal gland
abdominal wall

Question 13

bronchomediastinal trunk

Answer 13

drain lymph from:
thoracic wall
heart
lungs

Question 14

subclavian trunks

Answer 14

drain lymph from:
- upper limbs

Question 15

jugular trunks

Answer 15

drain lymph from:
head
neck

Question 16

lymphatic duct

Answer 16

trunks unite to from 2 ducts:
thoracic (left) and right lymphatic

drain into venous system

Question 17

thoracic duct

Answer 17

receives lymph from:
intestinal trunk
l + r lumbar
l bronchomediastinal
l subclavian
l jugular

drains venous blood:
into left subclavian vein at junction with left internal jugular

Question 18

right lymphatic duct

Answer 18

receives lymph from:
right jugular
right subclavian
right bronchomediastinal

drain into venous blood:
junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian

Question 19

how is movement aided in lymphatic flow

Answer 19

• smooth muscle in walls of large lymph vessels
• pulsing of arteries
• skeletal muscle contraction
• pressure changes in respiration

valves= no back flow

Question 20

lymphoid organs and tissues

Answer 20

primary lymphatic organs/ tissue:
sites where lymphocytes are produced, marie and become capable of immune response
- red bone marrow= site of T and B cell production and B cell maturation
- thymus= site of T cell maturation

secondary lymphatic organs/tissues:
items where most immune responses cut or develop
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- tonsils
- lymph nodules

Question 21

thymus

Answer 21

structure and location:
- 2 lobes with fibrous connective tissue capsule
- extends from superior to the anterior mediastinum
- lies between sternum and great vessels
- maximum size at puberty

function:
- maturation of T lymphocytes

Question 22

lymph nodes

Answer 22

filters and phagocytes foreign material
maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes

Question 23

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Answer 23

uncapsulated collections of lymphoid tissue
contain B and T cells
don’t filter lymph

found in:
- gastrointestinal tract
- respiratory tract
- genitourinary tract

Question 24

example of MALT

Answer 24

tonsils= trap pathogens from food or inhaled air

Question 25

spleen loc and str

Answer 25

location: left hypochondriac region of abdominal cavity between fungus (upper portion) of stomach and diaphragm

structure: 12cm long and 7cm wide
made up: outer capsule and stroma
parenchyma: white pulp (lymphatic tissue) and red pulp (venous sinuses)

Question 26

spleen function

Answer 26

white pulp: lymphatic tissue
lymphocytes (immune response)
macrophages (phagocytosis)
filters BLOOD NOT LYMPH

red pulp: blood filled venous sinuses
- destruction of old rbc
- stores of blood and platelets
- produces rbc in foetus