Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kin 1A03 > Spinal Cord & Nerves, Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Spinal Cord & Nerves, Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord

A

continuous w brainstem
connects brain to PNS
integrates sensory & motor responses
extends from foramen magnum to L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

where spinal nerves extend out from spinal cord to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

vertebral canal

A

openings in vertebral foramen stack on top of one another to form a space for the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

regions of spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diameter of spinal cord

A

not uniform
2 enlargements:
- cervical enlargement C4 - T1
- lumbrosacral enlargement T9-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

conus medullaris

A

the inferior end of the spinal cord

it is cone shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

filium terminale

A

tethers spinal cord to coccyx to prevent movement in superior direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cauda equina

A

looks like horse’s tail

- nerves supplying lower limbs exit lumbosacral enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when does the spinal cord stop growing?

A

3-4 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when does the vertebral column stop growing?

A

18-24 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

meninges of spinal cord

A

3 layers (sup. to deep)
duramater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dura mater of SC

and how is it different from in the brain

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • continuous w dura mater of brain AND epineurium of spinal nerves
  • diff from brain where there is a space b/w bone called epidural space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

epidural space

A

filled w areolar connective tissue, fat, blood vessels

protects and cushions SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

arachnoid mater of SC

A

thin, avascular

composed of simple squamous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

subarachnoid space of SC

A

continuous w that of brain, contains CSF also

- cushions, protects, delivers nutrients and removes wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

subdural space

A

contains a small amount of serous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pia mater of SC

A

deepest layer

tight to spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

extensions of pia mater

- prevent side to side movement of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

White matter of SC

A
  • divided into 2 halves w 3 columns in each half

- each column subdivided into nerve tracts, both ascending and descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gray matter of SC

A

composed of posterior, lateral and anterior horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lateral horn of SC

A

contains neurons of autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

anterior horn of SC

A

motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

posterior horn of SC

A

sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

central canal of SC

A

gray matter remember

center of gray commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

gray and white commissures

A

axons that cross from one side of SC to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sensory & motor processing of SC

A

sensory impulse picked up by receptors
carried by sensory neuron to spinal cord
enters through sensory fibres from posterior root
– can go 2 diff ways from here:
- some form sensory tracts and ascend to brain
- others synapse w neruron
somatic motor neuron leaves SC by anterior root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how does autonomic motor neuron enter SC

A

from anterior root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Diseases associated w the spinal cord

A

polio

ALS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Polio

A

virus attacks cell bodies of motor neurons
(damage gray matter of anterior horn of SC)
results in loss of motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ALS

A

attacks motor neuron cell bodies in brain and spinal cord

- results in gradual loss of motor functions and when necessary systems of the body quit, results in death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how are spinal nerves named?

A

for the vertebral region by which they exit the vertebral canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where does the first pair of spinal nerves exit the SC?

A

exits b/w skull and 1st cervical vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how many pair exit via sacral foramina

A

4 pair

34
Q

where do most (other) spinal nerves exit?

A

through intervertebral foramina

35
Q

where does the 8th cervical nerve exit?

and the rest from there?

A

8th exits just below C7 vertebrae

from there, the rest exit just below their assoc vertebrae

36
Q

dorsal and ventral rootlets

A
  • spinal nerves arise from 6-8 rootlets along dorsal or ventral sides of SC
  • each dorsal rootlet contains a ganglion
  • roots contain both motor and sensory neurons
  • roots pass through subarachnoid space, pierce arachnoid mater and dura mater and join to form a spinal nerve
37
Q

3 CT layers of peripheral nerve structure (superficial to deep)

A

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

38
Q

epineurium

A

most superficial
around entire nerve
- dense CT layer, continuous w dura mater of SC

39
Q

perineurium

A

middle layer
groups together each fascicle
which is kind of a chunk of axons in a roll together

40
Q

endoneurium

A

deepest layer
wraps around each axon
separates axons from oneanother

41
Q

branches of spinal nerves

A

dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

42
Q

dorsal ramus

A

innervates dorsal trunk muscles

responsible for movements of vertebral column

43
Q

ventral ramus

A

intercostal nerves

and 5 plexuses

44
Q

what is a rami? (pl. ramus?)

A

root of plexus

45
Q

what are the plexuses (names) and how many are there?

A 
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
coccygeal plexus
46
Q

intercostal nerves from?

A

ventral ramus

thoracic T2-T12

47
Q

cervial plexus

A

roots: C1-C4 (some C5)
- innervates sup portions of shoulders & chest
phrenic nerve

48
Q

phrenic nerve

A

originates from C3-C5 (brachial and cervical plexuses)

- innervates diaphragm

49
Q

brachial plexus

A

roots: C5-T1

3 trunks, 6 divisions, 3 cords, 5 branches

50
Q

branches of brachial plexus

A 
axillary - shoulders
radial - lower arm
musculocutaneous - flexors of forearm
ulnar - forearm, hand
medial - forearm, hand
51
Q

lumbar plexus

A 
roots: L1-L4
2 major nerves:
obturator
femoral
- supply parts of lower limbs and lateral abdominal walls
52
Q

sacral plexus

A 
roots: L4-S4
2 major nerves: bound together to form sciatic nerve
- tibial
- common fibular
supply large portions of lower limbs
53
Q

coccygeal plexus

A

S4-Co

  • innervation of muscles of pelvic floor
  • sensory info from skin over coccyx
54
Q

neurotransmission

A

how a signal is transmitted from axon terminals to dendrites of another axon

55
Q

propagation

A

an action potential spreads over the surface of an axon

- APs are self propagating

56
Q

nerve impulse

A

travelling action potential

57
Q

continuous conduction

A

used by unmyelinated axons

  • must depolarize every piece of plasma membrane
  • voltage gated channels all over
  • uses local current
58
Q

local current

A

movement of positive ions

- helps trigger neighbouring channels to open

59
Q

saltatory conduction

A

used by myelinated axons

  • voltage gated Na+ channels are CONCENTRATED at nodes of Ranvier so local current flows (through axon) b/w these nodes
  • flow is much faster and more energy efficient bc skipping myelinated regions
60
Q

factors that affect propogation

A
    • axon diameter - greater surface area, greater conduction rate bc more voltage gated channels
    • amt of myelination - more myelin, more leaping
    • temp. – volt-gated channels are protein, influenced by temp thus cold temp, slows down AP transmission
61
Q

Nerve fiber types

A

type a, b, c

62
Q

type A nerve fiber

A

largest in diameter, myelinated,
conduct at 12-130m/s
motor neurons (skeletal muscle) , most sensory neurons
- basically anywhere where rxn time is important

63
Q

type B nerve fiber

A

medium diameter, lightly myelinated
conduct at 3-15m/s
part of ANS: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
- not quite so reliant on speed

64
Q

type C nerve fiber

A

small diameter, unmyelinated.. use continuous conduction
conduct at 2m/s or less
part of ANS: digestion which is good slow

65
Q

synapse

A

junction b/w cells that allows them to communicate w one another

66
Q

presynaptic cell

A

neuron that brings signal in

67
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

receives signal, can be another neuron or tissue

68
Q

electrical synapse

A

uses connexons: no gap b/w 2 cells
- in cardiac & smooth muscle
ions can move in opposite direction

69
Q

connexons

A

protein cells that connect 2 cells (used in electrical synapse)
always open, causes depolarization of neighbouring cells as signal spreads out in every direction

70
Q

chemical synapse

A

there is a space b/w the 2 cells

- no direct transfer of AP from nerve to tissue, uses neurotransmitters instead

71
Q

presynaptic terminal

A

end of axon

produces, stores and released neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles

72
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

cell membrane in close assoc w presynaptic terminal

73
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space b/w postsynaptic cell membrane and axon

74
Q

neurotransmitter release steps

A

see notes that is a lot

75
Q

postsynaptic potentials

A

excitatory PSP and inhibitory PSP

76
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

depolarization
stimulatory response
Na+ or Ca2+ channels open
may reach threshold and dev’p AP

77
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

hyperpolarization
inhibitory response
brings farther from threshold bc moves membrane potential, decreases chance of AP

78
Q

3 ways to remove neurotransmitter

A

diffusion - out of synaptic cleft (down conc gradient)

enzymatic degradation - ex. acetylcholinesterase

uptake by neurons or glial cells - neurotransmitter transporters

79
Q

summation

A

several NT signals can be added together at postsynaptic membrane
can be a combo of IPSP and EPSPs
this will increase the amt of graded potential we get
can be spatial or temporal
- each neuron sends 1 type of neurotransmitter (excitatory or inhibitory)

80
Q

spatial

A

lots of NT released by multiple neurons

81
Q

temporal

A

NT released from the same neurons fast in time sequence

Kin 1A03 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions