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Kin 1A03 > Spinal Cord & Nerves, Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Spinal Cord & Nerves, Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord

A

continuous w brainstem
connects brain to PNS
integrates sensory & motor responses
extends from foramen magnum to L2

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2
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

where spinal nerves extend out from spinal cord to body

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3
Q

vertebral canal

A

openings in vertebral foramen stack on top of one another to form a space for the spinal cord

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4
Q

regions of spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

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5
Q

diameter of spinal cord

A

not uniform
2 enlargements:
- cervical enlargement C4 - T1
- lumbrosacral enlargement T9-T12

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6
Q

conus medullaris

A

the inferior end of the spinal cord

it is cone shaped

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7
Q

filium terminale

A

tethers spinal cord to coccyx to prevent movement in superior direction

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8
Q

cauda equina

A

looks like horse’s tail

- nerves supplying lower limbs exit lumbosacral enlargement

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9
Q

when does the spinal cord stop growing?

A

3-4 years of age

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10
Q

when does the vertebral column stop growing?

A

18-24 years of age

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11
Q

meninges of spinal cord

A

3 layers (sup. to deep)
duramater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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12
Q

dura mater of SC

and how is it different from in the brain

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • continuous w dura mater of brain AND epineurium of spinal nerves
  • diff from brain where there is a space b/w bone called epidural space
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13
Q

epidural space

A

filled w areolar connective tissue, fat, blood vessels

protects and cushions SC

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14
Q

arachnoid mater of SC

A

thin, avascular

composed of simple squamous cells

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15
Q

subarachnoid space of SC

A

continuous w that of brain, contains CSF also

- cushions, protects, delivers nutrients and removes wastes

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16
Q

subdural space

A

contains a small amount of serous fluid

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17
Q

pia mater of SC

A

deepest layer

tight to spinal cord

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18
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

extensions of pia mater

- prevent side to side movement of spinal cord

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19
Q

White matter of SC

A
  • divided into 2 halves w 3 columns in each half

- each column subdivided into nerve tracts, both ascending and descending

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20
Q

Gray matter of SC

A

composed of posterior, lateral and anterior horns

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21
Q

lateral horn of SC

A

contains neurons of autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

anterior horn of SC

A

motor neurons

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23
Q

posterior horn of SC

A

sensory neurons

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24
Q

central canal of SC

A

gray matter remember

center of gray commissure

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25
gray and white commissures
axons that cross from one side of SC to the other
26
sensory & motor processing of SC
sensory impulse picked up by receptors carried by sensory neuron to spinal cord enters through sensory fibres from posterior root -- can go 2 diff ways from here: - some form sensory tracts and ascend to brain - others synapse w neruron somatic motor neuron leaves SC by anterior root
27
how does autonomic motor neuron enter SC
from anterior root
28
Diseases associated w the spinal cord
polio | ALS
29
Polio
virus attacks cell bodies of motor neurons (damage gray matter of anterior horn of SC) results in loss of motor function
30
ALS
attacks motor neuron cell bodies in brain and spinal cord | - results in gradual loss of motor functions and when necessary systems of the body quit, results in death
31
how are spinal nerves named?
for the vertebral region by which they exit the vertebral canal
32
where does the first pair of spinal nerves exit the SC?
exits b/w skull and 1st cervical vertebrae
33
how many pair exit via sacral foramina
4 pair
34
where do most (other) spinal nerves exit?
through intervertebral foramina
35
where does the 8th cervical nerve exit? | and the rest from there?
8th exits just below C7 vertebrae | from there, the rest exit just below their assoc vertebrae
36
dorsal and ventral rootlets
- spinal nerves arise from 6-8 rootlets along dorsal or ventral sides of SC - each dorsal rootlet contains a ganglion - roots contain both motor and sensory neurons - roots pass through subarachnoid space, pierce arachnoid mater and dura mater and join to form a spinal nerve
37
3 CT layers of peripheral nerve structure (superficial to deep)
epineurium perineurium endoneurium
38
epineurium
most superficial around entire nerve - dense CT layer, continuous w dura mater of SC
39
perineurium
middle layer groups together each fascicle which is kind of a chunk of axons in a roll together
40
endoneurium
deepest layer wraps around each axon separates axons from oneanother
41
branches of spinal nerves
dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
42
dorsal ramus
innervates dorsal trunk muscles | responsible for movements of vertebral column
43
ventral ramus
intercostal nerves | and 5 plexuses
44
what is a rami? (pl. ramus?)
root of plexus
45
what are the plexuses (names) and how many are there?
``` cervical plexus brachial plexus lumbar plexus sacral plexus coccygeal plexus ```
46
intercostal nerves from?
ventral ramus | thoracic T2-T12
47
cervial plexus
roots: C1-C4 (some C5) - innervates sup portions of shoulders & chest phrenic nerve
48
phrenic nerve
originates from C3-C5 (brachial and cervical plexuses) | - innervates diaphragm
49
brachial plexus
roots: C5-T1 | 3 trunks, 6 divisions, 3 cords, 5 branches
50
branches of brachial plexus
``` axillary - shoulders radial - lower arm musculocutaneous - flexors of forearm ulnar - forearm, hand medial - forearm, hand ```
51
lumbar plexus
``` roots: L1-L4 2 major nerves: obturator femoral - supply parts of lower limbs and lateral abdominal walls ```
52
sacral plexus
``` roots: L4-S4 2 major nerves: bound together to form sciatic nerve - tibial - common fibular supply large portions of lower limbs ```
53
coccygeal plexus
S4-Co - innervation of muscles of pelvic floor - sensory info from skin over coccyx
54
neurotransmission
how a signal is transmitted from axon terminals to dendrites of another axon
55
propagation
an action potential spreads over the surface of an axon | - APs are self propagating
56
nerve impulse
travelling action potential
57
continuous conduction
used by unmyelinated axons - must depolarize every piece of plasma membrane - voltage gated channels all over - uses local current
58
local current
movement of positive ions | - helps trigger neighbouring channels to open
59
saltatory conduction
used by myelinated axons - voltage gated Na+ channels are CONCENTRATED at nodes of Ranvier so local current flows (through axon) b/w these nodes - flow is much faster and more energy efficient bc skipping myelinated regions
60
factors that affect propogation
- - axon diameter - greater surface area, greater conduction rate bc more voltage gated channels - - amt of myelination - more myelin, more leaping - - temp. -- volt-gated channels are protein, influenced by temp thus cold temp, slows down AP transmission
61
Nerve fiber types
type a, b, c
62
type A nerve fiber
largest in diameter, myelinated, conduct at 12-130m/s motor neurons (skeletal muscle) , most sensory neurons - basically anywhere where rxn time is important
63
type B nerve fiber
medium diameter, lightly myelinated conduct at 3-15m/s part of ANS: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands - not quite so reliant on speed
64
type C nerve fiber
small diameter, unmyelinated.. use continuous conduction conduct at 2m/s or less part of ANS: digestion which is good slow
65
synapse
junction b/w cells that allows them to communicate w one another
66
presynaptic cell
neuron that brings signal in
67
postsynaptic cell
receives signal, can be another neuron or tissue
68
electrical synapse
uses connexons: no gap b/w 2 cells - in cardiac & smooth muscle ions can move in opposite direction
69
connexons
protein cells that connect 2 cells (used in electrical synapse) always open, causes depolarization of neighbouring cells as signal spreads out in every direction
70
chemical synapse
there is a space b/w the 2 cells | - no direct transfer of AP from nerve to tissue, uses neurotransmitters instead
71
presynaptic terminal
end of axon | produces, stores and released neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles
72
postsynaptic membrane
cell membrane in close assoc w presynaptic terminal
73
synaptic cleft
space b/w postsynaptic cell membrane and axon
74
neurotransmitter release steps
see notes that is a lot
75
postsynaptic potentials
excitatory PSP and inhibitory PSP
76
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
depolarization stimulatory response Na+ or Ca2+ channels open may reach threshold and dev'p AP
77
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
hyperpolarization inhibitory response brings farther from threshold bc moves membrane potential, decreases chance of AP
78
3 ways to remove neurotransmitter
diffusion - out of synaptic cleft (down conc gradient) enzymatic degradation - ex. acetylcholinesterase uptake by neurons or glial cells - neurotransmitter transporters
79
summation
several NT signals can be added together at postsynaptic membrane can be a combo of IPSP and EPSPs this will increase the amt of graded potential we get can be spatial or temporal - each neuron sends 1 type of neurotransmitter (excitatory or inhibitory)
80
spatial
lots of NT released by multiple neurons
81
temporal
NT released from the same neurons fast in time sequence

Kin 1A03 (12 decks)

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