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Kin 1A03 > Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What do neurons do?

A

receive stimuli and;

transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

receive input and can interact w axons of other neurons

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3
Q

Trigger zone composed of what?

Why is this important

A

Initial segment: part after axon hillock
axon hillock : cone shaped part, closer to dendrite end

Important bc it is the region where action potentials are generated

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4
Q

Axonal transport

A
  • how diseases end up in CNS, bypasses BBB
    ex. rabies, herpes
  • uses neurotransmitters, stores and transported in vesicles
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5
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that create stimulus or inhibitory response in effector tissue/ gland

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6
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory
motor
interneurons

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7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

afferent: transmit action potentials to CNS

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8
Q

Motor neurons

A

efferent: transmit action potentials away from CNS

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

association: w/in CNS

carry info from 1 neuron to another

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10
Q

3 types of neuron structure

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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11
Q

Neuroglia

A

nerve glue
numerous: >50% of the brain’s mass
4 types in CNS
2 types of PNS

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12
Q

Types of neuroglia in CNS

A

Astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Types of neuroglia in PNS

A

Schwann cells

satellite cells

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14
Q

Types of neuroglia in PNS

A

Schwann cells

satellite cells

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15
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped, largest and most numerous
- cytoplasmic extensions cover surfaces of blood vessels, neurons, pia mater
- release chemicals from tight junctions b/w endothelial cells of capillaries
BBB- regulate movement of substances into and out of the brain

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16
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • line ventricles of the brain & central canal of spinal cord
  • helps choroid plexuses produce CSF
  • some ciliated patches help circulate CSF
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17
Q

Microglia

A

protection

- specialized microphages that digest damaged tissues, foreign materials, microorganisms that enter CNS

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18
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

cytoplasmic projections reach our and wrap around (multiple times) portions of axons, creating myelin sheaths

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19
Q

Schwann cells

A

wrap around and from myelin sheath around axons

phospholipid bilayer folds on itself multiple times and becomes v thick layer of fatty proctection

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20
Q

satellite cells

A

flattened cells
surround cell bodies in ganglia
provide nutrients to cell body

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21
Q

myelinated axons

A
  • conduct signals faster via nodes of ranvier

- better insulated, protected

22
Q

unmyelinated axons

A
  • slower transmission of action potentials

- multiple axons push through schwann cell memebrane and it wraps around them 1 layer (vs multiple)

23
Q

tract

A

bundle of myelinated axons in CNS

24
Q

nucleus (pl: nuclei)

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS

25
white matter
- myelinated axons | - nerve tracts transmit action potentials bw one area of the CNS and another
26
gray matter
- unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, neuroglia - cell bodies come in contact with oneanother - where synapses are, decision being made here
27
white and gray matter in spinal cord
white is outer | gray is deeper
28
white and gray matter in brain
gray is outer + inner nuclei are gray matter inside brain | white in deeper
29
brainstem
connects spinal cord to brain | 3 regions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
30
cerebellum
little brain only attached through brainstem controls locomotion, balance, posture, coordination
31
diencephalon
thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus | located right on top of midbrain
32
cerebrum
higher order processing conscious thought coordination of diff regions of brain
33
Protection of brain
- cranial bones (8) - cranial meninges: dura, arachnoid, pia mater - CSF
34
Dura Mater
in brain 2 layers, in spinal cord only 1 | composed of dense irregular connective tissue
35
Falx Cerebri
- double layer of meningeal layer sits in longitudinal fissure - keeps brain anchored
36
Outer layer of dura mater
periosteal layer | connects to bone
37
Inner layer of dura mater
meningeal layer folding of this layer creates a dural venous sinus ex. super sagittal sinus where all capillaries of the brain drain to
38
Arachnoid Mater
creates weblike projections that help secure brain in place?
39
subarachnoid space
space bw layers where CSF circulates
40
Pia Mater
goes in every groove of brain
41
what do the ventricles of the brain do?
choroid plexus creates CSF
42
how many ventricles of the brain are there?
there are four: 2 lateral (bilareral) 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle
43
What is CSF
cerebrospinal fluid provides shock absorption for your brain creates optimal chemical env't for brain (chem conc, pH) a filtrate of blood
44
What are the components of a choroid plexus? | How is CSF synthesized?
blood capillary flows through choroid plexus. double filter action: endothelial cells of capillary and specialized ependymal cells from tight junctions, removing all blood cells, proteins leaves serum like fluid w glucose, dissolved oxygen & some ions
45
Path of CSF flow
- produced in choroid plexuses of bilateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles lateral vent > interventricular foramen > 3rd vent > cerebral aqueduct > 4th vent > lateral and medial apertures > subarachnoid space > arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses > venous circulation > heart, lungs
46
Medulla Oblongata
attaches to spinal cord & changes from H shape to diff shape: more gray matter, white matter pushed to outside - gray matter: centre for vital reflexes ex. respiration, BP - nuclei of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
47
Pyramids
2 columns of white matter | motor nerve tracts of somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle, descending axons only)
48
Decussation of pyramids
where 2 pyramids cross (90% of the axons in them) | the reason why L side of brain controls R side of body and vice versa
49
Olives
gray matter, nuclei involved in balance, coordination, sound modulation
50
What is hydrocephalus?
- caused by narrowing of cerebral aqueduct; 3rd and lateral ventricles become enlarged - infant brain (head) keeps growing bc fissures on cranium have not yet fused
51
treatment of hydrocephalus
Shunt put into lateral ventricles and excess CSF diverted to peritoneal space or right atrium of the heart - usually as children grow the cerebral aqueduct also grows and they no longer need this shunt system (25% need this for life)

Kin 1A03 (12 decks)

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