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Kin 1A03 > Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What do neurons do?

A

receive stimuli and;

transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

receive input and can interact w axons of other neurons

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3
Q

Trigger zone composed of what?

Why is this important

A

Initial segment: part after axon hillock
axon hillock : cone shaped part, closer to dendrite end

Important bc it is the region where action potentials are generated

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4
Q

Axonal transport

A
  • how diseases end up in CNS, bypasses BBB
    ex. rabies, herpes
  • uses neurotransmitters, stores and transported in vesicles
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5
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that create stimulus or inhibitory response in effector tissue/ gland

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6
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory
motor
interneurons

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7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

afferent: transmit action potentials to CNS

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8
Q

Motor neurons

A

efferent: transmit action potentials away from CNS

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

association: w/in CNS

carry info from 1 neuron to another

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10
Q

3 types of neuron structure

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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11
Q

Neuroglia

A

nerve glue
numerous: >50% of the brain’s mass
4 types in CNS
2 types of PNS

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12
Q

Types of neuroglia in CNS

A

Astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Types of neuroglia in PNS

A

Schwann cells

satellite cells

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14
Q

Types of neuroglia in PNS

A

Schwann cells

satellite cells

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15
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped, largest and most numerous
- cytoplasmic extensions cover surfaces of blood vessels, neurons, pia mater
- release chemicals from tight junctions b/w endothelial cells of capillaries
BBB- regulate movement of substances into and out of the brain

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16
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • line ventricles of the brain & central canal of spinal cord
  • helps choroid plexuses produce CSF
  • some ciliated patches help circulate CSF
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17
Q

Microglia

A

protection

- specialized microphages that digest damaged tissues, foreign materials, microorganisms that enter CNS

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18
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

cytoplasmic projections reach our and wrap around (multiple times) portions of axons, creating myelin sheaths

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19
Q

Schwann cells

A

wrap around and from myelin sheath around axons

phospholipid bilayer folds on itself multiple times and becomes v thick layer of fatty proctection

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20
Q

satellite cells

A

flattened cells
surround cell bodies in ganglia
provide nutrients to cell body

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21
Q

myelinated axons

A
  • conduct signals faster via nodes of ranvier

- better insulated, protected

22
Q

unmyelinated axons

A
  • slower transmission of action potentials

- multiple axons push through schwann cell memebrane and it wraps around them 1 layer (vs multiple)

23
Q

tract

A

bundle of myelinated axons in CNS

24
Q

nucleus (pl: nuclei)

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS

25
Q

white matter

A
  • myelinated axons

- nerve tracts transmit action potentials bw one area of the CNS and another

26
Q

gray matter

A
  • unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, neuroglia
  • cell bodies come in contact with oneanother
  • where synapses are, decision being made here
27
Q

white and gray matter in spinal cord

A

white is outer

gray is deeper

28
Q

white and gray matter in brain

A

gray is outer + inner nuclei are gray matter inside brain

white in deeper

29
Q

brainstem

A

connects spinal cord to brain

3 regions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

30
Q

cerebellum

A

little brain
only attached through brainstem
controls locomotion, balance, posture, coordination

31
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

located right on top of midbrain

32
Q

cerebrum

A

higher order processing
conscious thought
coordination of diff regions of brain

33
Q

Protection of brain

A
  • cranial bones (8)
  • cranial meninges:
    dura, arachnoid, pia mater
  • CSF
34
Q

Dura Mater

A

in brain 2 layers, in spinal cord only 1

composed of dense irregular connective tissue

35
Q

Falx Cerebri

A
  • double layer of meningeal layer sits in longitudinal fissure
  • keeps brain anchored
36
Q

Outer layer of dura mater

A

periosteal layer

connects to bone

37
Q

Inner layer of dura mater

A

meningeal layer
folding of this layer creates a dural venous sinus
ex. super sagittal sinus where all capillaries of the brain drain to

38
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

creates weblike projections that help secure brain in place?

39
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space bw layers where CSF circulates

40
Q

Pia Mater

A

goes in every groove of brain

41
Q

what do the ventricles of the brain do?

A

choroid plexus creates CSF

42
Q

how many ventricles of the brain are there?

A

there are four:
2 lateral (bilareral)
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

43
Q

What is CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid
provides shock absorption for your brain
creates optimal chemical env’t for brain (chem conc, pH)
a filtrate of blood

44
Q

What are the components of a choroid plexus?

How is CSF synthesized?

A

blood capillary flows through choroid plexus.
double filter action:
endothelial cells of capillary and specialized ependymal cells from tight junctions, removing all blood cells, proteins
leaves serum like fluid w glucose, dissolved oxygen & some ions

45
Q

Path of CSF flow

A
  • produced in choroid plexuses of bilateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles
    lateral vent > interventricular foramen > 3rd vent > cerebral aqueduct > 4th vent > lateral and medial apertures > subarachnoid space > arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses > venous circulation > heart, lungs
46
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

attaches to spinal cord & changes from H shape to diff shape: more gray matter, white matter pushed to outside

  • gray matter: centre for vital reflexes ex. respiration, BP
  • nuclei of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
47
Q

Pyramids

A

2 columns of white matter

motor nerve tracts of somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle, descending axons only)

48
Q

Decussation of pyramids

A

where 2 pyramids cross (90% of the axons in them)

the reason why L side of brain controls R side of body and vice versa

49
Q

Olives

A

gray matter, nuclei involved in balance, coordination, sound modulation

50
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A
  • caused by narrowing of cerebral aqueduct; 3rd and lateral ventricles become enlarged
  • infant brain (head) keeps growing bc fissures on cranium have not yet fused
51
Q

treatment of hydrocephalus

A

Shunt put into lateral ventricles and excess CSF diverted to peritoneal space or right atrium of the heart
- usually as children grow the cerebral aqueduct also grows and they no longer need this shunt system (25% need this for life)

Kin 1A03 (12 decks)

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