Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

80 bones that lie on longitudinal axis

includes: skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, auditory ossicles

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2
Q

bones of the skull

A

22 separate bones connected by immovable joints
6 auditory ossicles
hyoid bone - not attached

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3
Q

cranial bones

A
8 of 22 bones of the skull
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 frontal
1 occipital
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid
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4
Q

facial bones

A
14 of 22 bones of the skull
2 maxilla
2 zygomatic
2 palatine
2 lacrimal
2 nasal
2 inferior nasal conchae
1 vomer
1 mandible
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5
Q

frontal bone

A

forehead
roof of orbit
ant portion of cranial floor

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6
Q

parietal bones

A

sides and rood of cranial cavity

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7
Q

occipital bone

A

most of base of cranium

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8
Q

temporal bones

A

lateral aspects and part of floor of cranial cavity

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9
Q

sphenoid bone

A

butterfly shape w greater and lesser wings

lateral skull and cranial floor and portion of orbit

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10
Q

external auditory meatus

A

canal found on temoral bone

reaches inner and middle ear structures

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11
Q

mastoid process

A

attachment point for muscles on temporal bone

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12
Q

styloid process

A

attachment point for muscles on temporal bone

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13
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones and portions of orbit

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14
Q

maxilla bones

A

upper jaw, floor of orbit, hard palate

cleft palate: maxillary bones don’t fuse together during embryologic development

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15
Q

occipital condyles

A

articulate with C1 vertebrae

allow movements of nodding head and lateral tilting of head side to side

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16
Q

hyoid bone

A

unpaired - does not articulate w any other bone

  • floats under mandible
  • attachment point for tongue muscles
  • attachment point for neck muscles that elevate larynx during speech and swallowing
17
Q

vertebral column

A
- allows for lots of movements for head and trunk
26 vertebrae:
- 7 cervical (convex)
- 12 thoracic (concave)
- 5 lumbar (convex)
- 1 sacral - 5 fused (concave)
- coccygeal - 4-6 fused (concave)
18
Q

which portions of vertebral column are concave and which portions are convex? why and when does this change occur?

A

only concave curves when first born

  • 3 months when lifting head: cervical become convex
  • 6-12 months: sitting and walking: lumbar vertebrae become convex
19
Q

what’s the difference between a concave and convex curve?

A

concave - curves backwards

convex - curves forwards

20
Q

C1 vertebrae

A
atlas
- holds skull on vertebrae
- no body or spinous processes
- articulates w occipital condyles at superior articular facet
- very large vertebral foramen
allows for forward and lateral flexion
21
Q

C2 vertebrae

A

axis
- has small body and spinous process (spinous processes form form here and downwards w exception to C7)
Dens: sticks out of body region like a trailer hitch
- ligaments hold in place w C1
- allows for pivot movements

22
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  • spinous processes get much shorter, more square in lower region, limits movement here
23
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

body and spinous processes are much larger and thicker in this region bc larger muscles attach here
- vertebrae are locked in place to prevent lateral movement

24
Q

sacrum

A

starts fusing age 16-20, fully fused by 30
- sacral hiatus: where 5th vertebrae didn’t fuse all the way, spinal cord exits here and filium terminale fuses to coccyx

25
coccyx
starts fusing age 20, fully fused by age 30 | vertebrae are really just flattened disks of bone
26
intervertebral disks
outside: annulus fibrosis - fibrocartilage layer inside: nucleus pulposus - gelatinous mass - provide support and shock absorption, permit movements - bc made of water and contain cartilage, disks can get compressed as we age thus we get shorter
27
what does it mean if something is herniated?
structure on the outside is broken and inside structure pushes out - can occur in intervertebral disks due to squishing of front half as a result of anterior movements - causes break through annulus fibrosis and pulp squishes out into space where spinal cord and nerves are: can result in impingement = pain and reduced function
28
thoracic cage
surrounds thoracic cavity semi rigid: can widen to accommodate expansion of lungs - composed of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs and costal cartilage 12 pairs of ribs
29
explain how the ribs are categorized based on structure
7 true ribs: vertebrosternal ribs attach to sternum via costal cartilage 5 false ribs = don't directly attach to sternum - 3 vertebrochondral ribs connect to cartilage of rib 7 - 2 floating ribs only attach at vertebrae