Joints & Movement

Question 1

major structural classifications of joints

Answer 1

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Question 2

joints classified by motion

Answer 2

synarthrosis - nonmovable
amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
diarthrosis - freely moveable

Question 3

fibrous joints

Answer 3

bones united by fibrous CT
- no joint cavity
- no movement: or v small amt
-- a fib bc they don't move
3 types: 
sutures
syndesmosis
interossrus membrane

Question 4

sutures

Answer 4

seams joined by dense irregular collagenous CT
irregularly locking bony edges
fontanels: newborns - membrane formed b/w these areas & allows for flexibility and rapid growth of the brain
- harden b/w 1-24 months

Question 5

where are the main sutures of the skull located

Answer 5

coronal suture - b/w frontal & parietal bones
sagittal suture - b/w parietal bones
lambdoid suture - b/w parietal & occipital bones

Question 6

syndesmosis

Answer 6

bones further apart than in a suture, joined by ligaments

• dense irregular CT
• some movement (most are amphiarthritic)
  ex. anterior tibiofibular ligament allows for slight movement of bones at distal end

Question 7

syndesmosis example

Answer 7

gomphoses

• peg & socket joint
• bundles of irregular collagenous (periodontal ligaments)
• joints b/w teeth and alveolar processes (sockets)

Question 8

interosseus membrane

Answer 8

sheet of dense irregular CT

- binds neighbouring long bones and allows for amphiarthrosis

Question 9

cartilaginous joints

Answer 9

bones united by hyaline or fibrocartilage
2 types:
synchondrosis
symphysis

Question 10

synchondrosis

Answer 10

• joined by hyaline cartilage
• no movement (synarthrosis)
• often temporary joints and end up ossifying
  ex. epiphyseal growth plates

Question 11

symphysis

Answer 11

• bones united w fibrocartilage
• somewhat flexible bc of the fibrocartilage
  ex. coxal bones w pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

Question 12

synovial joints

Answer 12

• contain synovial fluid: a serum filtrate that contains proteins, fats, cells , carbs (hyaluronic acid)
• allow for a great deal of motion

Question 13

hyaluronic acid

Answer 13

decreases wear on joints, allows them to be freely moveable

Question 14

articular joint capsule

Answer 14

continuous w outer layer of periosteum
2 parts:
fibrous membrane/capsule (outer)
synovial membrane

Question 15

fibrous membrane/ capsule

Answer 15

contains blood vessels and nerves but doesn’t penetrate synovial membrane
thus - nutrients either diffuse through synovial membrane or are received from bone

Question 16

synovial membrane

Answer 16

lines all bone (incl on fibrous membrane) except where articular cartilage is

Question 17

articular cartilage

Answer 17

found on bone where bone would be touching one another

Question 18

bursae

Answer 18

sac-like structure filled w synovial fluid
cushions movement of one body part over another
- an extension on the synovial cavity which contains synovial fluid, helping to reduce friction

Question 19

tendon sheaths

Answer 19

tube like bursae that wrap around tendons subject to a lot of friction

Question 20

menisci

Answer 20

crescent shaped pads of fibrocartilage found within the joint capsule b/w bones

Question 21

types of synovial joints

Answer 21

plane
hinge
pivot
ellipsoid/ condyloid
saddle
ball & socket

Question 22

mnemonic for remembering types of synovial joints

Answer 22

place
hannah's 
phys
ed
shoes 
back

Question 23

movements of synovial joints

Answer 23

uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial/triaxial

Question 24

uniaxial

Answer 24

movement in one plane

Question 25

biaxial

Answer 25

movement in 2 planes

Question 26

multiaxial (triaxial)

Answer 26

movement in a variety of directions | - usually occurs at symmetrically shaped joints

Question 27

plane joint

Answer 27

``` aka gliding joints 2 flat surfaces that come in contact w one another held tightly together by ligaments - biaxial or multiaxial ex tarsals ```

Question 28

hinge joint

Answer 28

concave body surface articulates w convex bony surface - uniaxial - can flex or extend joint ex. elbow, ankle, knee joint

Question 29

pivot joint

Answer 29

cylindrical process rotating in a ring held in place by ligaments - uniaxial - allows rotation in a single axis, pronation, supination ex. radial notch and head of radius or atlandoaxial joint b/w C1 and C2 vertebrae

Question 30

ellipsoid joint

Answer 30

oval concave surface articulates w oval convex surface - can't undergo rotation bc one side is longer than the other - biaxial ex athlantoccipital joints, knuckle joints

Question 31

saddle joint

Answer 31

2 saddle shaped surfaces at right angles to each other - biaxial ex. trapezium and metacarpal of thumb

Question 32

ball and socket joint

Answer 32

most moveable - multiaxial - spherical surface articulates w a concave depression - degree of movement dependent upon deepness of socket and how spherical the ball is large ROM but unstable ex. hip and shoulder joints allows for circumduction, rotation movements

Question 33

types of movements at synovial joints

Answer 33

gliding angular rotation special movements

Question 34

gliding movements

Answer 34

usually at plane joints - movement can be in many planes but is often limited by CT and body structures surrounding it ex. vertebrae and carpals

Question 35

angular movements

Answer 35

flexion / extension / hyperextension abduction / adduction circumduction

Question 36

flexion/extension

Answer 36

flex- bend/decrease angle or movement in anterior direction | extension- straighten/ increase angle or movement in posterior direction

Question 37

hyperextension

Answer 37

extends beyond anatomical position

Question 38

abduction/adduction

Answer 38

abduct: movement away from the midline adduct: move towards midline

Question 39

radial deviation

Answer 39

abduction of the wrist

Question 40

ulnar deviation

Answer 40

adduction of the wrist

Question 41

circumduction

Answer 41

can occur at any joint that can undergo all of adduction, abduction, flexion and extension

Question 42

rotation

Answer 42

turning a structure around its long axis

Question 43

special movements

Answer 43

movements that are specific to only 1 or 2 joints

Question 44

elevation/depression

Answer 44

scapula, mandible elevation: moves a structure superiorly depression: moves a structure inferiorly

Question 45

protraction/retraction

Answer 45

scapula, clavicle, mandible protraction: anterior movement in transverse plane (forward) retraction: posterior movement in transverse plane (backwards)

Question 46

inversion/eversion

Answer 46

intertarsal inversion: plantar surface faces medially (think INwards) eversion: plantar surfaces faces laterally

Question 47

plantar flexion/dorsiflexion

Answer 47

ankle plantar flexion: movement toward the plantar surface of foot (think PLANTing your foot) dorsiflexion: movement away from the plantar surface

Question 48

pronation/supination

Answer 48

rotation of forearm pronation: palm posterior (PPP) supination: palm anterior (hold soup)

Question 49

opposition/reposition

Answer 49

- allows us to have manual dexterity opposition: when the thumb and little finger are brought together - can occur w other fingers too, just req's some flexion on their part reposition: return of hand/fingers to normal