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Kin 1A03 > Parts of the Brain & Cranial Nerves, Action Potentials > Flashcards

Parts of the Brain & Cranial Nerves, Action Potentials Flashcards

1
Q

pons

A
  • loc middle portion of brainstem (bridge)
  • ascending and descending nerve tracts
  • sleep centre: REM sleep
  • respiratory centre
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2
Q

ant portion of pons

A

pontine nuclei - communication b/w cerebrum and cerebellum

- neurons synapse here

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3
Q

post portion of pons

A

nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

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4
Q

midbrain

A
  • most superior portion of brainstem
  • nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV
  • cerebral aqueduct runs through midbrain
    Tectum
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5
Q

tectum

A
  • 4 nuclei that form mounds on dorsal surface of midbrain
    2 superior colliculi: visual reflexes (scanning, dilating pupils)
    2 inferior colliculi: auditory reflexes
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6
Q

reticular formation

A

cloud of nuclei
controls sleep wake cycle : maintaining consciousness, waking up
** not exactly a structure but scattered throughout brainstem

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7
Q

cerebellum

A

contains 10% of the brain’s mass, 50% of neurons in the brain found here
- communication w other regions of CNS
cerebral peduncle

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8
Q

cerebral peduncle

A

connects cerebellum to brainstem -
superior cerebellar peduncle: midbrain
medial cerebellar peduncle: pons
inferior cerebellar peduncle: medulla oblongata

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9
Q

3 regions of cerebellum

A
  • flocculonodular lobe
  • vermis
  • cerebellar hemisphere
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10
Q

flocculonodular lobe

A

balance

takes info from env’t and puts it together

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11
Q

vermis

A

anterior - gross motor coord. ie walking

posterior - fine motor coord. ie hand dexterity

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12
Q

cerebellar hemisphere

A

fine motor coord

takes sensory info and puts it all together

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13
Q

diencephalon

A 
- loc b/w brainstem and cerebrum
3 components:
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
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14
Q

thalamus

A

largest part of diencephalon
sensory relay station
receives sensory info and projects to cerebral cortex (all maj. senses but smell)

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15
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

connects lateral portions of thalamus

surrounded by 3rd vent

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16
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

auditory impulses

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17
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

visual impulses

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18
Q

hypothalamus

A

most inferior portion of diencephalon
mood & emotion portions closely related bc parts of brain that control them are so close together
-more than 12 clusters of nuclei re: homeostatic functions

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19
Q

infundibulum

A

stalk connecting hypothalamus to pituitary gland

  • connects nervous to endocrine system
  • composed of white matter
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20
Q

epithalamus

A

loc post & superior to thalamus
- contains habanula : nuclei concerning with emotional & visceral response to odor
(smell from env’t and response)
- pineal gland

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21
Q

pineal gland

A

pea sized
secretes melatonin
may influence onset of puberty (biological clock)

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22
Q

cerebrum

A

higher order thinking

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23
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of brain: gray matter
4 (5) lobes:
temporal, occipital, parietal, frontal, insula

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24
Q

gyrus

A

hill

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25
Q

sulcus

A

valley

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26
Q

fissure

A

deeper groove

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27
Q

precentral gyrus

A

loc ant to central sulcus

primary motor cortex, response in body

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28
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

loc post to central sulcus

primary somatic cortex

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29
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • loc anterior, superior
    motor function
    agression
    mood
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30
Q

parietal lobe

A

-loc posterior, superior
touch, pressure, taste
blood pH
most sensory info but not hearing, smell or vision

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31
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • loc posterior, inferior

visual input, light info

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32
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • loc anterior, inferior
    olfactory
    auditory
    memory
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33
Q

insula

A
  • loc in middle? of brain
    homeostasis
    self awareness
    emotion
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34
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal & parietal lobes

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35
Q

pareito-occipial sulcus

A

exactly what it sounds like

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36
Q

transverse fissure

A

separates cerebellum & occipital lobe

37
Q

lateral cerebral sulcus

A

separates frontal and temporal lobes

38
Q

cerebral white matter

A

coordinates
nerve tracts connect the cortex to other parts of the cortex or CNS
3 types of tracts:
association, commissural, projection

39
Q

association tracts

A

connects areas of cerebral cortex w/in same hemisphere

40
Q

commissural tracts

A

connects areas of cerebral hemispheres

– corpus callosum connects L & R hemispheres of brain

41
Q

projection tracts

A

b/w cerebrum and other parts of brains and spinal cord

– ex. internal capsule

42
Q

tell me about cranial nerves

A
  • part of the PNS
  • 12
  • arise from brain (not XI)
43
Q

cranial nerve name mnemonic

now name the nerves themselves

A

oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly

– olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

44
Q

cranial nerve function mnemonic

A

some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

45
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

I sensory
origin in cerebrum
smell
2 neuron system: receptors in nose carry signal to olfactory bulb > olfactory tract > temporal lobe

46
Q

Optic nerve

A

II sensory
origin in diencephalon
vision; collects info from retina, 2 nerves join at optic chiasm > optic tract > occipital lobe

47
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

III motor

somatic: movements of eyeball
parasympathetic: smooth muscle pupil constriction

48
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

IV motor

moves a single muscle in the eye

49
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

V sensory & motor
3 branches:
ophthalamic - sensory: upper facial structures
maxillary - sensory: middle facial structures
mandibular - sensory: lower facial structures & ant to ear
- motor: mastication

50
Q

Abducens nerve

A

VI motor

- movement of eyeball

51
Q

Facial nerve

A

VII sensory & motor
sensory: taste (ant 2/3 of tongue)
motor: facial expression
parasympathetic motor: salivary & lacrimal glands

52
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A 
VIII sensory
 has roots in brainstem and MO
2 nerves coming together:
vestibular- balance
cochlear- hearing
53
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

IX sensory & motor
sensory: taste (post 1/3 tongue), monitors swallowing muscles, BP & blood gases
motor: swallowing
parasympathetic motor: parotid (saliva) glands

54
Q

Vagus nerve

A

X sensory & motor
sensory: BP & blood gases, taste
motor: voice
parasympathetic motor: GI control, respiration, lower HR

55
Q

Accessory nerve

A

IX motor
– has roots in spinal cord and in MO
head movements
dissipates function of vagus nerve, hence accessory

56
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

XII motor
speech
swallowing

57
Q

electrical properties of neurons result from

A

ionic conc differences across plasma membrane

permeability of membrane

58
Q

membrane potential is

A

separation of charge aka potential difference

separation of opp charges, opp charges attract

59
Q

ion concentrations at resting membrane potential

A

extracellular: greater conc. of Cl- , Na+ , Ca2+
cytosol: greater conc. of K+ , Proteins (Pr-)

60
Q

what processes cause resting membrane potential?

A
  • sodium/potassium pump

- membrane permeability

61
Q

what is the sodium/potassium pump?

A

type of ATPase - breaks down ATP
an active transport protein
– needs energy bc is moving ions against their concentration gradients

62
Q

how does the sodium/potassium pump work?

A
  • ATP binds to pump and is broken down into ADP and Pi
  • pump activated and 3 Na+ leave cell while 2 K+ enter cell
  • ADP and Pi dissociate and pump stops
63
Q

Types of ion channels

A 
Leak (nongated) : mostly open
-- responsible for resting membrane potential
Gated: ion channels open/close on demand
- ligand-gated
- mechanically-gated
- voltage-gated
64
Q

What factors affect membrane permeability?

A 
# of open channels
size of ions
# of gated channels
65
Q

Leak channels

and where located

A

alternate b/w open/close at random

  • K+ more numerous than Na+ channels
  • conc. gradient dictates movement more that electrical gradient (charges of ions)
    loc: (everywhere) cell body, dendrites, axons
66
Q

Ligand-gated channels

where located?

A
  • respond chemical stimulus where ligand bonds to receptor

loc: dendrites, cell body of neuron, target tissues

67
Q

mechanically-gated channels

where located?

A
  • respond to mechanical vibration/ pressure stimulus

loc: inner ear, touch receptors

68
Q

voltage-gated channels

where located?

A
  • respond to changes in membrane potential
    domino effect - when one opens, triggers the rest to open
    loc: ONLY in axon regions
69
Q

how is resting membrane potential established?

A
  • when movement of K+ out of cell = movement of K+ into cell
    ie K+ diffuse out of cell w conc gradient but move back into cell w electrical gradient (Pr-)
    also, Na+ moves w conc grad into cell and sodium potassium pump moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
70
Q

polarization

A

the diff b/w inside and outside of cell membrane

aka resting membrane potential

71
Q

how to create electrical signal? (broad)

A

need to change membrane potential

done w gated ion channels bc they can be controlled by a stimulus

72
Q

whats the difference b/w action potentials and graded potentials

A

action: longer distance, uses voltage gated ion channels only
graded: localized, use mechanically and ligand gated channels

73
Q

when does a graded potential occur?

A
  • occurs in response to ANY change from resting membrane potential
74
Q

hyperpolarization general

A

moving farther from zero,

getting more negative

75
Q

depolarization general

A

moving closer to zero ie more positive

76
Q

stimulus strength of GP

A

“graded”,

the larger the stimulus, the greater the amplitude of the GP, caused by more open gates

77
Q

summation of GP

A

GPs can be added together to become larger in amplitude when signals are sent fast in temporal sequence
ie. having a bunch sent at really quickly OR sending many signals at the same time to diff dendrites

78
Q

what are the stages of generating an action potential?

A

threshold
depolarization
repolarization
after-hyperpolarization

79
Q

threshold

A

amt of charge needed for voltage gated channel to open

  • must be depolarization to reach this
  • can come from a large enough graded potential
80
Q

from resting membrane pot. (AP)

A

Na+ voltage gated channel:
- activation gate closed
- inactivation gate open
K+ voltage gated channel: closed

81
Q

depolarization phase (AP)

A

graded potential reaches threshold and:

  • K+ stays closed
  • Na+ activation opens (inactivation already open) and Na+ rushes into cell
82
Q

repolarization phase (AP)

A

moving back towards resting membrane pot. :
- Na+ inactivation gate closes
- K+ gate opens and + charge leaves cell
THEN Na+ activation gate closes and inactivation gate opens (back to resting conditions)

83
Q

after-hyperpolarizing phase (AP)

A

occurs if enough K+ leaves cell, it will become extra -ve (-90mV)
SO K+ channels close and leak channels , Na+/K+ pump works to bring resting membrane pot back to -70mV

84
Q

Refractory period

A

the time in which an AP cannot be generated

85
Q

absolute refractory period

A

an AP really cannot be generated here, Na+ inactivation gates must return to resting state

86
Q

relative refractory period

A

K+ channels open buy Na+ close

- a suprathreshold stimulus is req’d to start AP (at this point we’re still at -90mV)

87
Q

AP stimulus strength

A
  • once a threshold is reached, AP size is the same
  • more frequent APs are interpreted as greater amplitude
  • -this is influenced by refractory period
88
Q

why is the circle of willis an important structure?

A

anastomosis: redundancy in blood vessels that will still allow blood supply to the brain is part is blocked

89
Q

latency phase

A

time from when stimulus is applied to when muscle begins contraction

Kin 1A03 (12 decks)

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