Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kin 1A03 > Senses of Vision, Smell, Taste > Flashcards

Senses of Vision, Smell, Taste Flashcards

1
Q

conjunctiva

A

prevents foreign obj from entering post portion of eye

- layer over sclera, 2 parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

palpebral portion of conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that forms inner lining of eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bulbar portion of the conjunctiva

A

lines the white of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

pink mound

contains modified oil and sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

flow of tears

A

lacrimal gland > lacrimal ducts > surface of eyeball > puncta > superior/inferior lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

extrinsic muscles of the eye

A 
4 rectus (sup, inf, lat, medial)
2 oblique (sup and inf)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

rectus muscles

A
  • attach to anterior portion of sclera and extend to post portion of the eye orbit where they attach to bone
  • responsible for up, down, L, R movements of eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

superior oblique muscle

A
  • rotates eye medially and inferiorly

- runs through trochlea which acts as a pulley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

inferior oblique muscle

A
  • rotates eye laterally and superiorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 coats/tunics of the eye

A
  1. fibrous tunic
  2. vascular tunic
  3. retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fibrous tunic

A

outermost layer
white of the eye
made up of sclera (post) and cornea (ant.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sclera

A
  • posterior part of the eye
  • fibrous CT layer
  • provides shape, protection, attachment to muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cornea

A
  • continuous w the sclera
  • anterior portion of eye
  • helps focus light
  • avascular, gets some O2 from the air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vascular tunic

A

contains melanin

composed of choroid (post) ciliary body and iris (ant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

choroid

A

blood supply

black bc of melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ciliary body

A

smooth muscles that change the shape of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

iris

A

contains muscles that change the diameter of the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

melanin

A

a pigment that makes the inner surface of the eye appear black and reduces light from reflecting around the inner surface of the eye
- also increases sharpness of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pathway of light

A

enters through cornea > aqueous humor (ant cavity) > lens > vitreous body > retina (region of macula lutea and fovea centralis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lens

A

only solid tissue in the body that is transparent:
this is bc it begins a self destruct program that starts the breakdown of cells and stops it right before the cell dies
– lens cells exist w/o organelles or internal structures, allowing it to be completely clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

anterior cavity

A

contains aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • helps maintain interocular pressure & shape of eye
  • provides nutrients & O2 for cornea and lens bc they are avascular
  • helps w refraction of light
  • once produced, it circulates through 2 chambers and is then reabsorbed into sinuses at the edge of the cornea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

zonular fibres

A

pull on lens, controlled by ciliary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vitreous humor

A

jelly like

  • helps keep shape of eye
  • holds retina layer flat against cornea and allows clear vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ciliary body

how about the outer and inner muscles?

A

made up of ciliary muscles & attached to zonular fibres by ciliary processes
outer muscles: oriented in radial direction, stretch lens outward
inner muscles: oriented in circular manner, squish lens inward and out sort of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

iris

A

controls size of pupil based on autonomic reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

sphincter pupillae

A

cause pupil to constrict as the circular muscles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

dilator pupillae

A

causes pupil to dilate as radial muscles of iris contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

components of the retina

A

fovea centralis
macular lutea
optic disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

fovea centralis

A

contains only cones

- is a small depression in the macular region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

macula

A

contains more codes than rods

32
Q

optic disc

A

where nerve and blood supply enter the eye
therefore we have a blind spot here
brain just fills in the blank though w visual info around it

33
Q

light enters retinal layer in what direction

action potential propagates in what direction

A

light: towards the retinal layer
AP: propagates back out, i guess

34
Q

3 parts of neural layer that signals travel through before creating AP

A
  • photoreceptor cell layer
  • bipolar cell layer
  • ganglion cell layer
35
Q

3 events to bring an image to focus

A
  1. Accommodation
  2. Pupil constriction
  3. Convergence
36
Q

accommodation

A

ciliary muscles contract, lens becomes mores spherical, greater light refraction, focused obj

37
Q

pupil constriction

A

depth of focus:

pupil diameter small means a greater depth of focus

38
Q

convergence

A

as an obj moves closer, eyes rotate medially to pick up light rays (this is made possible by our binocular vision)

39
Q

what happens in the eye, how are light rays focused w regards to DISTANT vision

A
  • receive nearly parallel rays from the object
  • ciliary muscles are relaxed, tension in suspensory ligaments are high
    thus, the lens is flattened, diameter is wide
40
Q

what happens in the eye and how are light rays focused w regards to NEAR vision

A
  • receive divergent rays from object
  • ciliary muscles contract and suspensory ligaments relax
    lens is thickened when ciliary ring gets smaller
41
Q

what type of neurons are present in photoreceptors?

A

bipolar neurons

42
Q

rods

A
  • non colour vision
  • low light
    Rhodopsin: retinal and opsin, a photosensitive pigment
43
Q

cones

A

colour vision
requires high light
cone photopigments : photopsin
- specialized as retinal and red, blue or green opsin

44
Q

at rest, is a photoreceptor cell hyperpolarized or depolarized?

A

depolarized

45
Q

generation of AP in the eye

A

yeah thats a good question lol

46
Q

proprioception

A

body gathers info about muscles, joints to coordinate muscle movements

47
Q

types of sensory receptors

A 
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
nocioreceptors
48
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • compression, bending, stretching of cells
  • touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing, balance
    ex. mechanically gated ion channels
49
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • chemicals bind to receptors on cell membrane

- used for smell and taste

50
Q

how are chemoreceptors differ from ligand gated ion channels?

A

in the chemoreceptors, when a chemical binds to the protein on the membrane, it triggers a signalling cascade inside the cell and then the channel opens
– more steps than ligand gated

51
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temp

- not used in special senses

52
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light

vision: unique to retinal layer of eye

53
Q

nocioreceptors

A
  • extreme mechanical, chemical or thermal stimuli

pain sensation: threshold is much higher, triggers when presented w extreme stimulus

54
Q

concha

A

ridges that makes air turbulent as it enters naris

- this causes the air to come in contact w mucus membranes of the nose, removes any debris, dissolves odorants too

55
Q

structure of olfactory receptor cells

A

bipolar neuron

dendrite end is highly specialized, and have cilia (called olfactory hairs)

56
Q

odorants

A
  • chemicals that cause smell
  • not specific to receptors
  • bind to odorant receptors on olfactory hairs
57
Q

olfactory gland

A
  • produces mucus that covers olfactory hairs

- mucus dissolves odorants so that they can bind onto receptors on the olfactory hairs and cause a depolarization

58
Q

basal cells

A

stem cells that can boils other cells of their layer such as supporting cells
- important for regeneration (every 2 months)

59
Q

supporting cells

A

hold receptor cells in place

60
Q

receptor cells tend to bind to molecules of __

A

similar size, shape and chemical composition

- each odorant triggers a similar pathway of receptors

61
Q

(olfactory) action potentials terminate where

A
  • olfactory tract goes to temporal lobe
    1. primary olfactory area: conscious perception of smell
    2. medial olfactory area: visceral and emotional response to smell
62
Q

adaptation to smell can occur 2 ways:

A
  • so many odorant molecules are there that the chemoreceptors are saturated
    OR
  • once brain gets a signal it sends a signal back out to the olfactory bulb to block the synapse from sending the same signal again
63
Q

primary classes of odors

A 
camphoraceous
floral
musky
pepperminty
etheral (fruit)
pungent
putrid
64
Q

papillae

A

epithelial project8ions on the tongue

65
Q

vallate papillae

A
  • V shaped kind of ridges (8-10)
  • large in size
  • ant 2/3 and post 1/3 of tongue
  • have taste buds
66
Q

filiform papillae

A
  • look like fire
  • most abundant
  • NO tastebuds, main purpose is to create rough surface on superior portion of tongue
67
Q

foliate papillae

A
  • leaf shaped - nasty looking things on sides of tongue

- taste buds start to degenerate after childhood

68
Q

fungiform papillae

A
  • mushroom shaped
  • irregularly scattered on superior surface of the tongue
  • have taste buds
69
Q

taste bud

A
  • specialized epithelial cell
  • surrounded by stratified squamous epithelium
  • sort of sandwiched in portions of papillae
70
Q

receptor types for taste buds

A 
5 types for 5 tastes:
sweet
salty
umami (savoury)
bitter
sour
71
Q

gustatory receptor cells

A
  • contain gustatory hairs where depolarization occurs
  • the whole cell depolarizes (no axon, no AP)
  • if graded potential gets large enough then it triggers Ca2+ channels to open
72
Q

specialized dendrite region on taste buds

A

microvilli where chemoreceptors are located in the taste pore

73
Q

tastants

A

chemicals dissolved in saliva

- cause gustatory receptor cells to depolarize

74
Q

adaptation to tastes

A

occurs when taste receptors are saturated

75
Q

neuronal pathways for taste

A 
gustatory receptor cells send NT to
cranial nerves VII, IX, X
medulla oblongata
thalamus
primary gustatory cortex

Kin 1A03 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions