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Kin 1A03 > Hearing cont'd, Balance > Flashcards

Hearing cont'd, Balance Flashcards

1
Q

stereocilia

A

microvilli bundles located on top of hair cells

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2
Q

tip link

A
  • specialized mechanoreceptors

connects tip of each stereocilium in a hair bundle to the side of the next larger stereocilium

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3
Q

do stereocilia get progressively taller or shorter as we go along a hair cell?

A

taller

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4
Q

steps to depolarization of hair cell in the ear

A
  1. at rest, gated spring is relaxed
  2. stereocilia bend toward taller stereocilia, this causes gating spring to stretch
  3. K+ channel opens and K+ from endolymph enters the cell, causes depolarization
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5
Q

Hearing physiology steps

A

1) sound waves enter auditory canal, strike tympanic membrane, it vibrates
2) vibration transferred to middle ear (malleus>incus>stapes)
3) foot plate of stapes vibrates in oval window, causes perilymph in scala vestibuli to vibrate
4) vestibular membrane to vibrate and transfer to endolymph
5) displacement of basilar membrane, movement detected by hair cells
6) vibrations is scala vestibuli (perilymph) and basilar membrane are transferred to scala tympani out through the round window

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6
Q

how are high and low pitch received?

A

low - stimulates cells to lose helicotrema of basilar membrane
high - stimulates cells close to oval window of basilar membrane

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7
Q

neural pathway of hearing

A

cochlear nerve > cochlear nuclei > superior olivary nucleus OR
cochlear nuclei > inferior colliculus (midbrain) > medial geniculate (thalamus) nucleus > primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

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8
Q

static equilibrium

structures involved?

A

our heads position relative to the ground

structures: macula of utricle and saccule

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9
Q

macula

A

contains specialized hair cells

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10
Q

otoliths

A

creates mass for otolithic membrane

have crystal-like structure

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11
Q

otolithic membrane

A

gelatinous-like mass that moves w gravity

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12
Q

stereocilia in static equilibrium

A

microvilli that have 1 tall hair cell called a kinocilium

  • have tiplinks attaching each of the stereocilia
  • endolymph is in here, when tiplinks open, K+ channels enter and cause depolarization
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13
Q

how does the rest of static equilibrium work?

A
  • hair cells are stimulated by otoliths
  • the otoliths move in response to gravity and patterns of action potentials change
  • involved in Subconscious perception: allows for subtle adjustments to muscles of back and neck, restores head to neutral position
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14
Q

dynamic equilibrium

structures involved?

A
  • signals about whether our head is accelerating or decelerating and which direction it might be moving in
    structures: ampullae of semicircular canals (they contain endolymph
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15
Q

cristae

A

specialized endothelial region in ampulla

includes hair bundle, hair cell and supporting cell

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16
Q

cupula

A
  • hair bundles located here where they detect movement
  • acts as a float in fluid, as it movies, it will tilt hair bundles and open tip links which open K+ gated channels, causing depolarization
  • depending on which of the 3 cupulas move and in which direction, (which of the 3 ampullae) it determines the perception of which plane we are moving in
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17
Q

more about the physiology of dynamic equilibrium

A
  • as head moves more, cupula moves in opposite direction head movement (inertia)
  • stimulation stops when fluid in canals catches up to cupula
  • when movement of the head stops, endolymph continues to move in the same direction and so the cupula will also continue to move
18
Q

neural pathways for balance

A

this is a mess but:
vertibular nerve > vestibular nuclei > to one of 3 places:
- cerebellum (subtle adjustment, posture)
- motor nuclei (control eye muscles to see where we’re going)
- thalamus on to the vestibular area of the cortex (postcentral gyrus)

19
Q

explain what happens in the spiral organ

A

all hair cells synapse w cochlear nerve
hair cells are stuck in tectorial membrane but are more stuck to basilar membrane
so when basilar membrane moves it bends the hair cells to open mechanically gated ion channels

20
Q

inner hair cell

A

gets sound info for hearing

21
Q

outer hair cells

A

3 of them
take waves and use for proprioceptive info
ex. adjusting tension in tympanic membrane

22
Q

scala tympani and scala vestibuli

A

contain perilymph

  • sound waves enter scala vestibuli (superior) and travel through cochlea until it reaches the end called the helicotrema
  • helicotrema connects scala tympani and wave travels back through to round window
23
Q

cochlear duct

A

contains endolymph

also inside is: tectorial membrane, spiral organ and basilar membrane

24
Q

cochlea

A

3 tubes that have been swirled into what looks like a snail shell

25
Q

semicircular canals

A

anterior, posterior and lateral: one for each plane of movement

26
Q

endolymph

A

high K+, low Na+

found in membranous labyrinth

27
Q

perilymph

A

high Na+, low K+ (like in an axon)

found in bony labyrinth

28
Q

pitch

A

wave frequency

29
Q

volume

A

wave amplitude

30
Q

sound

A

the interpretation of vibration

made of pockets of compressed air and pockets of not compressed air

31
Q

structures involves w dynamic equilibrium

A

ampullae of semicircular canals

32
Q

structures involved w static equilibrium

A

utricle and saccule

33
Q

inner ear

A

fluid filled, where air waves are turned into fluid
- semicircular canals
- cochlea
+ more

34
Q

round window

A

where sound waves exit inner ear

35
Q

oval window

A

membrane w fluid on one side and air on the other

- when hit by foot of stapes, fluid on other side vibrates

36
Q

auditory tube

A
  • equalizes pressure in ear from medial side of tympanic membrane
  • allows air from throat to come up to inner ear
  • when ears pop it’s actually the sounds of auditory canals opening
37
Q

auditory ossicles

A

small bones in middle ear
malleus - makes contact w tympanic membrane
incus - synovial joint i think w malleus
stapes - foot plate hits oval window

38
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum
very delicate
- vibrates when compressed sound waves hit
- as it vibrates, the malleus vibrates, moves incus, which causes foot plate of the stapes to hit the oval window

39
Q

middle ear

A

air filled cavity

  • tympanic membrane
  • auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
  • oval window
  • round window
  • auditory tube
40
Q

cerumen

A

earwax, produced by glands in external auditory canal

filters debris

41
Q

auricle/pinna

A

outer structure of the ear

collects soundswaves

42
Q

external ear

A

air filled cavity

  • auricle
  • external auditory canal
  • temporal bone

Kin 1A03 (12 decks)

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