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Anatomy > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

All sensory and motor connections between the brain and the rest of the body (except the cranial nerves) travel through the _____

A

Spinal cord

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2
Q

Some nervous activity does not involve the brain but is completely contained by neurons within and branching out of the spinal cord

A

Reflexes

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3
Q

The spinal cord passes through the ____ of the vertebrae

A

Vertebral foramen

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4
Q

Pairs of ____ exit at each level of the spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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5
Q

Regions are named by _____

A

Where spinal nerves exit (roughly correlates with the regions of the spine)

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6
Q 
Pairs of nerves in reach region:
Cervical
Thoracic 
Lumbar
Sacral 
Coccygeal
A 
C-8 pairs
T-12 pairs
L-5 pairs
S-5 pairs
C-1 pair
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7
Q

Spinal cord functions where sensory information ascends and motor commands descent

A

Conduction

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8
Q

Spindal cord function of processing information from diverse sources

A

Neural integration

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9
Q

Spinal cord functions where central pattern generators (neural networks) coordinate simple repetitive movements

A

Locomotion

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10
Q

Spinal cord function involving involuntary stereotyped reponses to stimuli

A

Reflexes

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11
Q

The spinal cord end at _____

A

the L1 vertebrae

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12
Q

After the L1 vertebra a group of axons continue down the vertebral column-called ______ that innervates ____ and _____

A

Cauda equina (horse’s tail)
Pelvic viscera
lower limbs

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13
Q

Spinal cord meninges (continuous with brain meninges), superficial to deep

A 
Vertebra
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Suarachnoid space
Pia mater
CN tissue (brain or spinal cord)
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14
Q

Spinal meninges with:
Tough outer layer
Epidural space
Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Dural mater=dural sheath around cord

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15
Q

Spinal meninges:
Middle layer
Subarachnoid space with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Simple squamous epithelium

A

Arachnoid layer

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16
Q

Spinal meninges:
Delicate, inner layer
1-2 layer of squamous cells

A

Pia mater

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17
Q

In the brain, grey matter is ____ to white matter

A

superficial

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18
Q

In the brain, grey matter is superficial to white matter except for ____ that lie deep to white matter

A

nuclei

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19
Q

In the spinal cord white is _____ to grey

A

superficial

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20
Q

Grey matter:
Contains ____myelin
___ posterior (dorsal horns) containing ____
___ anterior (ventral horns)
___ lateral horns within _____ and _____ regions

A

Little
Two, interneurons
Two
Two, thoracic, lumbar

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21
Q 
White matter:
\_\_\_\_ axons
\_\_\_ pairs of columns in the spinal cord containing tracts
1
2
3
A 
Myelinated
Three
1. Posterior (dorsal)
2. Lateral
3. Anterior (ventral)
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22
Q

In grey matter-Axons of sensory (afferent) neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

A

Posterior horns

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23
Q

In grey matter-somas of autonomic motor neurons and somatic motor neurons

A

Lateral neurons

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24
Q

Lateral horns are found in the ___ and ____ regions only

A

Thoracic, lumbar

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25
Q

In grey matter-cell bodies of somatic (efferent) motor neurons

A

Anterior horns

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26
Q

Dorsal horns are always ____, ventral horns are ____ and ____

A

Pointed

Fatter, rounded

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27
Q

Cable-like bundles of axons wrapped by connective tissue in the PNS
Cable-like bundles of axons wrapped by connective tissue in the CNS

A

Nerves

Tracts

28
Q

Nerve:
_____wraps one axon (loose connective tissue)
____wraps a fasicle of axons (epithelial tissue)
_____wraps entire nerve (dense irregular connective tissue)

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

29
Q

______ carry sensory info to brain, wheras _____ carry motor info from brain

A

Ascending tracts

Descending tracts

30
Q

The first neuron is called the ____
The second neuron is called the ____
The third neuron is called the ____

A

First order neuron
Second order neuron
Third order neuron

31
Q

Sensory (afferent) pathways carry sensations from the ____ to the _____

A

Periphery

Brain

32
Q

Sensory (afferent) pathways typically involve __ neurons

A

3

33
Q

Sensory (afferent) pathways passes through the ____

A

Thalamus

34
Q

What neurons receive input in the skin and conducts signal to peripheral ganglion to the brainstem

A

First order neurons

35
Q

What neurons signals from the brainstem to the thalmus

A

Second order neurons

36
Q

What neurons conduct signal from the thalmus to the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Third order neurons

37
Q

The motor pathways have how many neurons

A

2 neurons: upper and lower

38
Q

Crossing from left to right and vice versa (i.e. left hemisphere of the brain receives sensory information from the right side of the body)

A

Decussation

39
Q

Out covering of a nerve

A

Epineurium

40
Q

Nerve is bundles of axons called ____, surrounded by _____

A

Fascicles

Perineurium

41
Q

Each axon of a nerve fasicle is covered by ____

A

Endoneurium

42
Q

Clusters of cell bodies found outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

43
Q

Clusters of cell bodies within the CNS

A

Nuclei

44
Q

Soma of the sensory (afferent) neurons are found in _____

A

The posterior root ganglion

45
Q

Nerves arise from the spinal cord as small bundles of axons called ____

A

Rootlets

46
Q

Rootlets join together to form bigger ____ of spinal nerve

A

Roots

47
Q

Distally, spinal nerve splits into two branches called:

A

Rami:
Posterior ramus
Anterior ramus

48
Q

Innervates errector spinae muscles and posterior integument

A

Posterior ramus

49
Q

Splits into multiple other branches that innervates everything else

A

Anterior ramus

50
Q

Sometimes another ramus can branch off the spinal nerve called a _____-contain axons of the automic NS

A

Communicating rami

51
Q

Proximal spinal nerve branches:

Distal spinal nerve branches:

A 
Posterior root (posterior root ganglion), anterior root
Posterior ramus, anterior ramus
52
Q

In the thorax, the anterior ramus becomes the ____

A

Intercostal nerve

53
Q

The anterior ramus and the posterior ramus join to become the ______

A

Spinal nerve

54
Q

The spinal nerve is a mix of ____and ___ fibers

A

Afferent and efferent

55
Q

Plexus

A

Braid

56
Q

Sometimes the anterior rami of spinal nerves branch and merge to form a ______

A

Plexus

57
Q

Large nerves split off from the plexus to innervate muscles:

A

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus

58
Q

Properties of a reflex

A

Requires stimulation
Quick
Involuntary
Sterotyped

59
Q

Visceral reflex is for

A

Glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

60
Q

Visceral reflex is controlled by the

A

Autonomic nervous system

61
Q

Somatic reflex is for

A

Skeletal muscles

62
Q

Somatic reflex is controlled by the

A

Somatic nervous system

63
Q

Pupil dilation, defication, vomiting is

A

Visceral reflex=autonomic nervous system

64
Q

Knee-jerk reaction

A

Somatic reflex=somatic nervous system

65
Q

The knee jerk reflex is an example of a ____ reflex

A

Monosynaptic reflex

66
Q

Reflexes that include interneurons int he CNS are called ____reflexes

A

Polysynatic reflexes

67
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  1. Somatic receptors
  2. Afferent nerve muscles
  3. Integrating center
  4. Efferent nerve fibers
  5. Skeletal muscles

Anatomy (14 decks)

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