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Anatomy > Neuro Tissue and Organization > Flashcards

Neuro Tissue and Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Towards the CNS (sensory)

A

Afferent

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2
Q

Exiting the CNS/PNS (motor)

A

Efferent

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3
Q

Cell body of a neuron

A

Soma

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4
Q

Something that causes a response

A

Stimuli

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5
Q

Electric polarization of a nerve cell (electrical current)

A

Action potential

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6
Q

Projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body

A

Process

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7
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)-brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is nerves and ganglia

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8
Q

The signal must be detected and converted somehow into neuronal activity

A

Transduction

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9
Q

Anatomical division of the spinal cord

A

Central-brain and spinal cord

Peripheral-cranial nerves, spinal `nerves, ganglia

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10
Q

Nervous system functions include:

A

Sensory perception, integration and motor planning

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11
Q

Vision requires light from a visual scene to be ____ into a neural activity

A

Transduced

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12
Q

The information in a signal must be processed and represented somehow by the transduced neuronal activity

A

Coding

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13
Q

Divisions of the anatomical nervous system

A

Central: Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral: cranial nerves, spinal nerves ganglia

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14
Q

Muscle contraction is almost always initiated by the activity of the ____.

A

Nervous system

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15
Q

Synapses of motor neurons onto muscle cells=

A

the neuromuscular junction

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16
Q

General somatic senses

A

General or “widespread” receptors spread throughout the body. Receptors include: touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temperature

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17
Q

Type of somatic sense that detects stretch in tendons and muscle. Responsible for body sense-position and movement of body in space

A

Proprioceptive senses

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18
Q

Hearing, balance, vision and smell are types of ____ senses

A

Special somatic senses

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19
Q

Somatic (sensory and motor) and visceral (sensory and motor) are part of the _____

A

Peripheral nervous system

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20
Q

General visceral senses include

A

Stretch, pain, temperature, nausea and hunger

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21
Q

General visceral senses are widely felt where:

A

Digestive and urinary tracts, and reproductive organs

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22
Q

Special visceral senses include

A

Taste and smell

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23
Q

What division of the nervous system signals contraction of the skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic motor

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24
Q

Somatic motor is also the -

A

voluntary nervous system

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25
Q

What regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and controls function of visceral organs

A

Visceral motor

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26
Q

Visceral motor is also known as a) and b)

A

Involuntary nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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27
Q

What nervous system cells conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another?

A

Neurons

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28
Q

Nervous system cells that have a ___metabolic rate-need lots of ____ and ____
How long do they last?
They are mitotic or non-mitotic?

A

High, glucose and oxygen
Have extreme longevity
non-mitotic

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29
Q

Glial cells are
Large or small?
mitotic or non-mitotic
Raison d-etre?

A

Smaller than neuron cells
Mitotic
No nerve impulses but protect and nourish neurons

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30
Q

Fundamental physiological properties of neurons?

A

Excitability (irritability)-can respond to stimuli
Conductivity-can send signals to distant locations quickly
Secretion-can release chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)

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31
Q

Functional classes of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons
Interneurons
Motor (efferent) neurons

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32
Q

What type of neurons detect stimuli

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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33
Q

What type of neurons integrate and process information from other neurons and make decisions about response

A

Interneurons

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34
Q

What type of neurons send signals to muscles/glands to provide response?

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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35
Q

Interneurons are confined to the _____

A

CNS

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36
Q

What is the control center of a neuron?

A

Soma or cell body

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37
Q

Unique to neurons, granular bodies found in the soma. Also, the site of protein synthesis

A

Nissl bodies

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38
Q

Short processes off the cell body that receive signals

A

Dendrites

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39
Q

long process off the cell body through which a neuron sends action potentials

A

Axon

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40
Q

Complex branches at axon’s distal end

A

Terminal arborization (terminal branching)

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41
Q

Ending of an axon branch that communicates with another cells

A

Axon terminal or axon bouton

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42
Q

Triangular narrow portion of a cell body where axon begins. Action potentials generated here

A

Axon hillock

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43
Q

At the end of each terminal branch is an ____

A

axon terminal

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44
Q

The variation in a neuron structured is named by ____

A

The number of processes leaving the soma

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45
Q

Variations in a neuron structure

A

Multipolar: many dendrites, one axon (many processes)
Bipolar-one dendrite, one axon (2 processes)
Unipolar-no dendrites, one axon (one process)

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46
Q

Neurohistology-what do neurons look like?

A

Large, diffuse nucleus with dark, central nucleolus
Nissl bodie (RER)s may be visible as dark granules
Processes off the body-axons and dendrites

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47
Q

Meeting point of a neuron and other cells

A

Synapse

48
Q

The presynaptic neuron can secret neurotransmitters that can either ___ or ___ the postsynaptic neuron

A

Excite, inhibit

49
Q

Axon to dendrite synapse

A

Axodendritic synapses

50
Q

Axon to soma synapse

A

Axosomatic synapses

51
Q

Axon to axon synapse

A

Axoaxonic synapses

52
Q

A junction between neurons may contain many synapses due to _____ and the presence of multiple ______

A

Terminal arborization, dendrites

53
Q

Most neurons have a huge amount of presynaptic partners

A

10^3-10^4

54
Q

Two varieties of synapses

A

Electrical synapses and chemical synapses

55
Q

Type of synapse where there is a physical connection between the cytoplasm of the two neurons-relatively rare

A

Electrical synapses

56
Q

Small gaps between neurons across which chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) diffuse

A

Chemical synapses

57
Q

In an electrical synapses adjacent cells are joined by____
___ diffuse from cell to cell
Quick transmission
____transmission of electrical signal

A

Gap junctions
Ions
Simple, Sacrifice specificity for speed

58
Q

presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter to a postsynaptic cell. The release is triggered by ____ arriving at axon terminal.

A

Action potential

59
Q

Messenger molecules. Can be both excitatory and inhibitory

A

Neurotransmitters

60
Q

What is a structure at a synapse that contains synaptic vesicles -packets of neurotransmitters

A

Axon terminal of a presynaptic cell

61
Q

Structures at synapse

A

Axon terminal of presynaptic cell
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter receptors on postsynaptic cell

62
Q

Most synapses are _____ synapses

A

Chemical

63
Q

Neurotransmitter that is responsible for feelings of well-being. Decrease in this neurotransmitter is a cause for depression

A

Serotonin

64
Q

Neurotransmitter that is responsible for feelings of enjoyment and reinforcement, also motor inhibition

A

Dopamine

65
Q

Describe the simplest possible circuit

A

One sensory neuron that synapses on to one motor neuron

66
Q

More complex behaviors require more complex circuits involving ____-neurons that locally process information and send final decision to effector neurons

A

Interneurons

67
Q

99% of the nervous system is _____

A

Interneurons

68
Q

Neural circuit where one fiber synapses with several postsynaptic cells

A

Diverging

69
Q

Neural circuit where several presynaptic cells converge on a single nerve fiber (i.e. the brainstem receives signals from multiple organ systems)

A

Converging

70
Q

Neural circuit that is non-linear. Often involve negative feedback loops

A

Reverberating

71
Q

Neural circuit where output neuron receives signals overtime based on the number of interneurons

A

Parallel after discharge

72
Q

Type of neuron processing where neurons pass a signal to a specific destination along a single pathway from one to another

A

Serial processing

73
Q

Type of neuron processing where input is delivered along many pathways; a single sensory stimulus results in multiple perceptions

A

Parallel processing

74
Q

Types of neural processing

A

Serial processing

Parallel processing

75
Q

Types of neural circuits

A

Diverging
Converging
Reverberating
Parallel after discharge

76
Q

What type of neural processing is associated with higer order functioning?

A

Parallel processing

77
Q

Neurons can be classified by their functions. What are the associated functions?
Sensory neurons-a
Motor neurons-b
Interneurons-c

A

A) Afferent neurons
B) Efferent neurons
C) Association neurons (connect neurons, sometimes sensory to motor)

78
Q

Sensory neurons are mostly:
Multipolar or unipolar?
Cell bodies found in ganglia (inside or outside) spinal cord

A

Unipolar

Outside

79
Q

Motor neurons are mostly:
Multipolar or unipolar?
Cell bodies (inside or outside) spinal cord

A

Multipolar

Inside

80
Q

Interneurons are located where?

A

Entirely within the CNS

81
Q

Glial cells outnumber neurons ____

A

10-1

82
Q

Are glial cells in the CNS and PNS the same?

A

No

83
Q

Glial cells do or do not transmit signals

A

Do not

84
Q

Glial cells perform what type of functions?

A

Many metabolic/support functions for neurons

85
Q

Types of central nervous system glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglial cells
Astrocytes

86
Q

Types of peripheral nervous system cells

A

Schwaan cells

Satellite cells

87
Q

Long processes from oligodendrocytes membranes wrap around neuronal axons to help _____

A

Make impulses travel faster

88
Q

The oligodendrocytes wrapping around neuronal axons is called the _____

A

Myelin sheath

89
Q

Cells that resemble cuboidal epithelial cells that line the fluid filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

90
Q

Do ependymal cells have a basement membrane?

A

No

91
Q

Ependymal cells produce_____

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

92
Q

What part of the ependymal cells help circulate CSF?

A

Apical cilia

93
Q

Cells that perform immune functions in the CNS by phagocytizing pathogens from dead tissue?

A

Microglial cells

94
Q

What cells develop white blood cells involved in immune response?

A

Microglial cells

95
Q

What cell is a star like shape?

A

Astrocytes

96
Q

Astrocytes are most abudent where?

A

The CNS

97
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A

Support nervous tissue
Forms the blood-brain barrier
Selective passage of molecules necessary for neuron function

98
Q

How do astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes projections wrap around capillaries to limited unwanted substances from reaching the neuron

99
Q

What does the blood brain barrier (BBB) do?

A

Prevents immune cells, proteins and charged molecules from entering the brain
Helps protect our brain from chemical compounds/inflammation/infection

100
Q

What type of cells surround the soma in the ganglia and organize waste/nutrient exchange?

A

Satellite cells (PNS)

101
Q

What type of cells surround axons with extensions of their plasma membranes to help nerve impulses travel faster?

A

Swhwann Cells (PNS)

102
Q

Swhwann Cells (PNS) are analogous to ____ because they produce a myelin sheath

A

Oligodendrocytes

103
Q

What is a fatty covering on axons that insulates the wires?

A

Myelin sheaths

104
Q

Myelination increases ______ allowing action potentials to_____

A

Membrane resistance

Propagate faster

105
Q

Swhwann Cells make myelin in the ____

Oligodendrocytes make myelin in the ____

A

PNS

CNS

106
Q

Swhwann Cells extend their _____ to wrap around axons

A

Plasma membranes

107
Q

Myelin sheaths are mostly ____

A

Lipids

108
Q

Myelin sheaths appear ____ on cadaver. Called ____ matter.

Why does it appear this way?

A

White, white

Coiling gives white color

109
Q

Fiber segment covered by myelin

A

Internodes

110
Q

Nerve segment lacking myelin

A

Nodes of Ranvier

111
Q

Impulse travels along axon and is only exposed at ____

A

Nodes of Ranvier

112
Q

Unmyelinated PNS axons are also surrounded by Schwann cells, but Schwann cells do not ____

A

coil densely around these axons

113
Q

This is called ____ matter

A

Grey matter.

114
Q

A nerve impulse rests on the axon membrane and as a ___ charge

A

negative

115
Q

As a nerve impulse travels along the axon, the membrane goes from a ____ charge to a ____ charge. Then the membrane behind the impulse returns to a ____ charge

A

Negative
Positive
Negative

Anatomy (14 decks)

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