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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Crine

A

Having to do with secretion

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2
Q

Pure endocrine organs (4)

A

Pituitary
Pineal gland
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands (Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla)

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3
Q

Organs containing large proportion of endocrine cells (4)

A

Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus (a neuroendocrine organ)

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4
Q

Organs containing some endocrine cells

A

Heart
Digestive tract
Kidneys
Skin

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5
Q

Endocrine cells are of _____ origin?

A

epithelial

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6
Q

Action-Reach: Endocrine versus Neural signaling

A

Neural signaling is very localized

Endocrine signaling is a long distance action

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7
Q

Action-Path:Endocrine versus Neural signaling

A

Neural signals travel along defined routes between specific cells (neural networks)
Endocrine signals broadcast through bloodstream to almost all cells

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8
Q

The pituitary gland sits in the ____

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

Action-Speed:Endocrine versus Neural signaling

A

Neural signals are very rapid (milliseconds)

Endocrine signals are slow (seconds, minutes, hours, days)

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10
Q

Action-Control:Endocrine versus Neural signaling

A

Release of neural signal may have some conscious control

Release of endocrine system has no conscious control

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11
Q

neurotransmission is highly targeted (NTs only affect the _____) and occurs over tiny distances (the ____)

A
  1. Postsynaptic cell

2. Synaptic Cleft

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12
Q

endocrine signaling is completely -1. targeted or untargeted- (hormones in circulation affect all cells with receptors for them) and occurs over -2. small or large- distances (whole body)

A
  1. untargeted

2. large

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13
Q

A signaling molecule released into the bloodstream

A

Hormones

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14
Q

Neurons sometimes release their signaling molecules into circulation instead of at synapses
in these cases the molecules are called?

A

neurohormones or just hormones

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15
Q

Dopamine is regarded as a (1) when secreted by the adrenal gland and a (2) when secreted by a neuron.

A
  1. Hormone

2. Neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Neurons that blend characteristics of the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Neurosecretory (or neuroendocrine) cells

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17
Q

Hormones can ONLY act on _____?

A

organs/tissues that have the receptor for them

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18
Q

Hormones that stimulate other glands to make & release hormones

A

Tropic hormones

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19
Q

Three broad structural classes of hormones:

A 
proteins (peptide hormones)
amine hormones (modified amino acids)
steroid hormones (modified cholesterol)
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20
Q

The three broad structural classes of hormones are hydro(1) and can (2)

A
  1. Hydrophobic

2. Directly cross cell membranes

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21
Q

What can hormones do?

A

Standard actions of a biological signaling molecule. They can:
alter membrane permeability
activate second messenger pathways
alter gene expression

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22
Q

Endocrine cell types and tissues (2)

A

Nonneural (epithelial) endocrine cells

Neuroendocrine cells

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23
Q

Endocrine cells (either nonneural or neuroendocrine) organized into their own organs specialized for hormone secretion

A

Endocrine glands

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24
Q

Endocrine glands can be stimulated to release a hormone in 3 ways:

A

Humoral stimulus
Neural stimulus
Hormonal stimulus

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25
Q

Glands monitor the blood and release the hormone in response to change

A

Humoral stimulus

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26
Q

A neuron stimulates the gland to release hormone

A

Neural stimulus

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27
Q

Glands controlled by a tropic hormone

A

Hormonal stimulus

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28
Q

Medulla of the adrenal gland is a ______

A

Sympathetic ganglion

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29
Q

The adrenal gland secretes?

A

catecholamines

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30
Q

Catecholamines are?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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31
Q

The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the (1) to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands (such as 2, 3, 4)to secrete hormones

A
  1. Anterior pituitary gland

2. Thyroid gland, Adrenal cortex, gonad

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32
Q

The adrenal gland is a type of ____stimulus

A

Neural

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33
Q

The hypothalamus is a type of ____stimulus

A

Hormonal

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34
Q

A_____ is a type of pathway that is regulated by the presence of the hormone itself, or of the product of hormone release

A

Feedback loop

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35
Q

Hormone levels are controlled by _______

A

Feedback loops

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36
Q

There are positive and negative loops. _____ loops are far more common.

A

Negative

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37
Q

A negative feedback loop is where the product of the pathway, turns the pathway (on or off)

A

Off

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38
Q

In a positive feedback loop, the output ____ the original stimulus

A

Enhances or amplifies

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39
Q

The key difference between positive and negative feedback is their response to change: positive feedback (1) change while negative feedback (2) change.

A
  1. amplifies

2. Reduces

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40
Q

Blood clotting is an example of a (positive or negative) feedback loop

A

Positive

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41
Q

The _____ oversees the endocrine system and responds to feedback.

A

Hypothalamus

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42
Q

hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting hormones -> carried by portal vessels -> detected by anterior pituitary cells -> release/inhibit of pituitary hormones into general circulation

A

The anterior pituitary

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43
Q

The anterior pituitary has ____ tissue

A

Non-neural

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44
Q

terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells -> release of hormones into general circulation

A

Posterior pituitary

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45
Q

The posterior pituitary has ____tissue

A

neuroendocrine tissue

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46
Q

The anterior pituitary can be subdivided into 3 parts (pars)

A

Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis

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47
Q

a region of the anterior pituitary that wraps around the infundibular stalk

A

Pars tuberalis

48
Q

A part of the anterior pituitary that is the boundary between anterior and posterior pituitary

A

Pars intermedia

49
Q

The part of the anterior pituitary that is the anterior bulge

A

Pars distalis

50
Q

The posterior pituitary can be subdivided into 2 parts:

A

Infundibular stalk

Pars nervosa

51
Q

connects posterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

Infundibular stalk

52
Q

the posterior bulge pf the pituitary gland, consists of nervous (not glandular) tissue that includes axons of hypothalamic neurons from hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

Pars nervosa

53
Q

Hypothalamus makes_____ that regulate anterior pituitary

A

tropic hormones

54
Q

Hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary through a special blood vessel network

A

Hypophyseal portal system

55
Q

A _____ is network that connects 2 capillary beds before returning to heart

A

“Portal System”

56
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Causes growth of bones, muscles and most body cells
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

57
Q

Stimulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

58
Q

Regulates breast milk production & secretion of other hormones

A

Prolactin (PRL)

59
Q

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce hormones

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

60
Q

Causes growth of bones, muscles and most body cells

A

Growth hormone (GH)

61
Q

Influence reproductive activities by regulating hormone synthesis by the male and female gonads

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

62
Q

Involute

A

Decreases in size (i.e. when discussing the thymus when one turns 14)

63
Q

Follicular cells make _____.

A

Thyroid hormone (TH)

64
Q

Thyroid production is an example of a ____ feedback loop. Why?

A

Negative
The production of Thyroid hormone (TH) by the thyroid gland stops the production of Thyrotopin releasing hormone (TRH) in the hypothalmus

65
Q

The posterior pituitary does or does not make hormones?

A

Does not

66
Q

Posterior pituitary is a storage vessel for two hormones produced by the hypothalamus:

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
Oxytocin
67
Q

_____regulates blood pressure by controlling water output

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

68
Q

_____ regulates uterine contractions and milk production in the mammary glands.
Also involved in social bonding

A

Oxytocin

69
Q

Influences parental/partner bonding
Has receptors in many organs throughout the body with unknown function
Males and females express receptors
Oxytocin lowers heart rate and is thought to modulate stress & anxiety

A

Oxytocin

70
Q

The thymus is a _lobed gland

A

Bilobed

71
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

In the mediastinum, superior to the heart

72
Q

The thymus is large in_____ and _____

A

Fetus and infants

73
Q

Maturation of certain white blood cells (T cells)

Releases hormones that stimulate development of lymphatic organs and T cells

A

Thymus

74
Q

Butterfly-shaped gland found in the neck, just inferior to the adam’s apple

A

Thyroid gland

75
Q

The thyroid gland produces 2 hormones:

A 
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Calcitonin
76
Q

______: maintains our metabolism/body temperature

A

Thyroid hormone (TH)

77
Q

_____: regulates the amount of calcium in our blood by encouraging deposition into bone

A

Calcitonin

78
Q

_____: jelly-like precursor to thyroid hormone

A

Colloid

79
Q

Cells that make TH and are filled will colloid

A

Follicular cells

80
Q

Cells that make calcitonin in the thyroid

A

Parafollicular cells

81
Q

Steps of thyroid production

A
  1. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-hypothalamus
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)-anterior pituitary
  3. Thyroid hormone(TH)-thyroid gland
82
Q

Cells that secrete parathyroid hormone. Whole cell taken up by nucleus

A

Parathyroid cells

83
Q

_____cells have much more cytoplasm than the parathyroid cell in the parathyroid gland. Function?

A

Oxyphil

Unknown

84
Q

Calcium regulation
______secretes Calcitonin, bones take up Ca2+, blood Ca2+ levels lower
_____secretes PTH, bones release Ca2+, blood Ca2+ levels rise

A

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid glands

85
Q

The adrenal gland is comprised of the

A

adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

86
Q

The adrenal medulla is actually a modified_____

A

sympathetic nerve ganglion.

87
Q

The adrenal medulla has no ____ on cell bodies. Release secretions into the blood

A

Axons

88
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

89
Q

Functions of the adrenal medulla:

A

Raises metabolic rate, mobilizes glucose and fat release for energy, vasoconstriction

90
Q

The _____ directly innervates the adrenal medulla where it triggers the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream

A

sympathetic nervous system

91
Q

The ____hormones help the body cope with danger, terror or stress

A

adrenal

92
Q

The adrenal medulla is ____ of the adrenal gland while the adrenal cortex is ____ of the adrenal gland

A

10-20%

80-90%

93
Q

The three zones of the adrenal cortex (superficial to deep) are:

A

Zona glomerulosa: Most superficial layer
Zona fasciculata: Intermediate, thick layer
Zona reticularis: Deepest cortical layer

94
Q

Name and function of the lipid hormones of the glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids (regulate minerals/electrolytes)

95
Q

Name and function of the lipid hormones of the fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids inc. cortisol (regulate glucose levels in blood)

96
Q

Name and function of the lipid hormones of the reticularis

A

gonadocorticoids (androgens and estrogens)

97
Q

The adrenal cortex makes more than 25 different lipid-based hormones! Whole group of them =

A

corticosteroids

98
Q

Regulate blood volume by controlling amount of sodium in urine

A

Main mineralocorticoid = Aldosterone

99
Q

A stress hormone that responds to fasting, anxiety and trauma
Insures high blood glucose levels for brain, forces other areas to get energy from fat
Decreases inflammatory response

A

Main glucocorticoids = cortisol

100
Q

Converted to estrogen and testosterone in peripheral tissues

A

Main gonadocorticoid = DHEA (dehydroepianderosterone)

101
Q

In the adrenal medulla, clusters of neuroendocrine cells called ____ secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
All are involved in the sympathetic nervous response: Fear, pain, stress, raise metabolic rate, increase heart rate, mobilize glucose release

A

chromaffin cells

102
Q

Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?

A

both, it is a heterocrine

103
Q

exocrine secretions aid (1)

Endocrine functions are in groups of cells called pancreatic islets that (2)

A
  1. digestion (pancreatic juice)

2. regulate blood sugar

104
Q

Each pancreatic islet contains 3 types of cells:

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells

105
Q

Secrete glucagon-a hormone that tells the liver to break down energy stores and get glucose (sugar) into the bloodstream

A

Alpha cells

106
Q

Secrete insulin-a hormone that tells cells to take glucose out of the bloodstream

A

Beta cells

107
Q

Secrete somatostatin that regulates the rate of digestion

A

Delta cells

108
Q

Attached to the roof of the third ventricle

Synthesizes and secretes melatonin

A

The pineal gland

109
Q

The pineal gland secretes more melatonin at (1), less during the (2)
Establishes a 24-hour clock (circadian rhythm)

A
  1. Night

2. Day

110
Q

In the ovaries,____ and ____ regulate menstrual cycle, pregnancy

A

Estrogen, progesterone

111
Q

______regulates sex drive, sperm production

A

Testosterone

112
Q

_____in both male and female gonads inhibits FSH secretion from the pituitary (disrupts egg and sperm production)

A

Inhibin

113
Q

In the kidneys, ____increases red blood cell production

A

Erythropoietin

114
Q

In the kidneys,___ is released in response to falling blood pressure.

A

Renin

115
Q

In the heart, ______stretching in the wall of the heart triggers release. Causes water loss (by urination) so that blood volume/pressure decreases.

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP):

116
Q

Many of the gastrointestinal tract organs have ______ cells associated with digestion. Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus also play a role.

A

enteroendocrine

117
Q

Adipose Tissue secretes ____ which regulates our appetite

A

leptin

Anatomy (14 decks)

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