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Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Delivers blood to and from the lungs where it is oxygenated

A

Pulmonary circulation

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2
Q

send blood to all the tissues in the body, thus bringing oxygen to all the cells of the body and removing carbon dioxide

A

Systemic circulation

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3
Q 
Position of the heart:
In the \_\_\_\_ cavity
\_\_\_ of midline
\_\_\_ to sternum 
\_\_\_\_ to diaphragm
Base of heart is around rib\_\_\_
A 
Thoracic
Left
Posterior
Superior
Two
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4
Q

Region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

A

Mediastinum

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5
Q

The posteriosuperior region of the heart is flat and called the____

A

Base

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6
Q

The inferior pointed end of the heart is called the ___

A

Apex

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7
Q

Heart is contained within a fibrous sac called the____

A

pericardium

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8
Q

Functions of the pericardium

A
  1. Anchors the heart inferiorly to the diaphragm and superiorly to the great vessels
  2. Restricts heart movement within thorax while allowing expansion and contraction
  3. Isolation from other thoracic organs
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9
Q

Two parts of the pericardium and associated tissue types:

A
  1. Outer fibrous pericardium (dense irregular connective tissue)
  2. Inner serous pericardium (simple squamous epithelium+thin layer of connective tissue)
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10
Q

Fibrous pericardium is attached

  1. Superiorly to the _____
  2. Inferiorly to the ____
A
  1. Large vessels exiting the heart

2. Diaphragm

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11
Q

The serous pericardium is divided into two layers (or really one layer folded onto itself). What are the two layers?

A 
Parietal layer (lines the surface of the fibrous pericardium)
Visceral layer (lines the surface of the heart)
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12
Q

The space between the parietal layer and visceral layer of the serous pericardium is?

A

Pericardial cavity

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13
Q

A thin _____lubricates the layers (parietal and visceral) so they move without friction

A

Percardial fluid

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14
Q

What layer of the serous pericardium lines the surface of the heart?

A

The visceral layer

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15
Q

Three layers of the wall of the heart:

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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16
Q

Layer made op of visceral layer of pericardium + accumulated fat

A

Epicaridium

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17
Q

Muscle layer of the wall of the heart (cardiac muscle)

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle cells:

A

Cardiocytes or myocytes

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19
Q

In wall of the heart -inner layer of simple squamous epithelium (called endothelium) + thin layer of connective tissue

A

Endocardium

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20
Q

Each atrium has an anterior flap-like extension called an _____

A

auricle (because it looks like an ear)

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21
Q

What does the auricle do for the atria?

A

It increases the volumn of the atria

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22
Q

On the external heart, the ____ separates the atria from the ventricles

A

coronary sulcus

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23
Q

On the external heart, the ______ separate the ventricles from each other (posterior and anterior)

A

interventricular sulci

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24
Q

Coronary arteries, on the external heart, vascularize the heart itself and originate from the ____

A

Aorta

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25
Q

Collagenous/elastic fibers found between each chamber of the heart. Offers structural support, anchors cardiocytes, anchors valves, acts as an electrical insulator

A

Fibrous skeleton

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26
Q

Valves are dense connective tissue “doors” that are lined by ____. Valves allow ____blood flow, prevents ____.

A

Endocardium
Unidirectional
Backflow

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27
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves close when ventricles ____

A

Contract

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28
Q

Two atrioventricular (AV) values:

A
  1. Right AV (tricuspid) valve

2. Left AV (formerly “bicuspid”) valve or mitral valve

29
Q

Tendinous chords tether AV valves to ____.

A

Papillary muscles

30
Q

Semilunar valves close when ventricles ___.

A

Relax

31
Q

Two semilumar valves:

A
  1. Pulmonary valve – at exit of right ventricle

2. Aortic valve – at exit of left ventricle

32
Q

3 vessels empty into the right atria:

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

33
Q

The_____ is the thin wall between the atria

A

Interatrial septum

34
Q

The interatrial septum has a depression called ____-a hole from the fetal period that closed.

A

fossa ovalis

35
Q

Blood leaves the right atria through the atrioventricular (AV) opening when the _____opens.

A

AV valve (tricuspid valve)

36
Q

The posterior wall of the right atrium is _____

The anterior wall is lined by ridges called _____

A

Smooth

Pectinate muscles

37
Q

The _____ is a thick wall between the right and left ventricles

A

Intraventricular septum

38
Q

The internal surface of both ventricles have large, smooth muscle ridges called _____

A

Trabeculae carne (meaty beams)

39
Q

The AV valve is anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous cords called _____
The_____ attach inferiorly to muscle projections called papillary muscles

A

Tendinous cords

40
Q

The purpose of anchoring the valve flaps is to keep them from:

A

flipping backwards when the ventricle contracts

41
Q

When the right ventricle contracts, it forces the blood upwards, through the ____, into the pulmonary trunk
The pulmonary trunk splits into pulmonary ____ that bring ____ blood to the lungs for gas exchange

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary arteries
deoxygenated

42
Q

The AV valve on the left is sometimes called the ___ or ___

A

Bicuspid or mitral valve

43
Q

The wall of the_____ is the strongest and thickest of the 4 chambers. Usually 3x thicker than the other side

A

Left ventricle

44
Q

___ pulmonary arties carry blood to the lungs. ___pulpmary viens carry blood to the heart.

A

Two

Four

45
Q

The time from the start of one heartbeat to the start of the next

A

The cardiac cycle

46
Q

The contraction of a heart chamber is ____. During systole, the cardiac muscle contracts, squeezing blood out of the chamber and into the next chamber or vessel.

A

Systole

47
Q

The relaxation of the heart is called ____. During diastole the chambers relax and fill with blood

A

Diastole

48
Q

Electrical events measured by ____

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

49
Q

The ___ and ____ exit the aorta and feed the cardiac muscle itself.
They branch into progressively smaller blood vessels

A

left and right coronary arteries

50
Q

_____return deoxygenated blood that ultimately merges into coronary sinus

A

Cardiac veins

51
Q

Cardiocytes are joined at ends by ______

A

intercalated discs

52
Q

Cardiac muscle component that resembles egg cartons

A

Interdigitating folds

53
Q

Gap junctions: allow flow of electrical stimuli

A

Electrical junctions

54
Q

Desmosomes provide mechanical adhesion for ____in cardiac muscle

A

Mechanical junctions

55
Q

Triggered to contract by Ca2+ entering the sarcoplasm

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

56
Q

Ca2+ entering the sarcoplasm of cardiac muscle tissue signals sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+ ions
Ions diffuse into sarcomeres
Trigger _____

A

sliding filament mechanism

57
Q

In the conduction system, ____tie the cardiac muscle cells together physically, contain gap junctions that allow electrical signals to pass, therefore muscle impulses can therefore pass from one cell to the next instantly

A

Intercalated discs

58
Q

Heart exhibits _____(heart itself, not external nerves initiates muscle impulses)

A

autorhythmicity

59
Q

Specialized heart muscle cells initiate muscle impulses,
the rest of the muscle cells just pass along the impulse
These initiation cells make up the _____

A

conduction system

60
Q

Electric muscle impulses travel throughout the cardiac muscle tissue by way of the _____

A

intercalated discs

61
Q

Muscle impulses are initiated at the _____ in the posterior of the right atria (pacemaker).

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

62
Q

The impulse is carried to a node at the inferior border of the right atria called the ______

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

63
Q

The impulse is carried from the atrioventricular node down the ____

A

AV bundle (bundle of His)

64
Q

The branches of the Bundle of His, called the ____, carry the impulse throughout the walls of the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

65
Q

Heart rate is set by SA node but rate is altered by extrinsic and neural controls such as:

A

Visceral sensory fibers

Parasympathetic fibers

66
Q

Branches of vagus nerve. Decrease heart rate

Restricted to SA node, AV node, coronary arteries

A

Parasympathetic fibers

67
Q

Travel to heart from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia (Innervate SA node, AV node, coronary arteries and cardiac musculature throughout heart)
Increase heart rate and strength of contraction

A

Sympathetic nerves

68
Q

____ is controlled by cardiac centers in reticular formation of medulla

A

Autonomic input

69
Q

Cardiac centers in the retricular formation of the medulla. The ___ center influences parasympathetic neurons. The ___ center influences sympathetic neurons

A

Cardioinhibitory

Cardioacceleratory

Anatomy (14 decks)

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