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Anatomy > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What determines intelligence?

A

The number of synapses (approx 86 billion)

Not the brain

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2
Q

Grooves between gyri

A

Sucli

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3
Q

Deep sucli

A

Fissures

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4
Q

Skull limits brain size, so our brain (cortex) is folded (____) to make room for more neurons

A

Gyri

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5
Q

The cerebrum is made up of two _____

A

Hemispheres

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6
Q

Big suclus between hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

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7
Q

In addition to the skull, the brain is supported and protected by connective tissue layers called_____

A

meninges

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8
Q

Deep to superficial meninges:

A

Pia mater, arachnoid and dura mater

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9
Q

Dura mater has 2 layers

A

Periosteal-superficial

Meningeal-deep

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10
Q

All 3 meninges cover the ____ AND the _____

A

Brain, spinal cord

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11
Q

Bone of skull/vertebrae and dura mater may be separated by a potential space ______

A

epidural space

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12
Q

Contents of epidural space

A

arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones

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13
Q

Dural septa that divides the cerebrum into L and R hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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14
Q

Dural septa that tents over the cerebellum, separates cerebrum from cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

Dural septa that divides the cerebellum into L and R sides

A

Falx cerebelli

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16
Q

Partitions of the dura form the _____

A

dural venous sinuses

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17
Q

All blood leaving the brain goes to _____

A

dural venous sinuses

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18
Q

Descending veins where blood goes after the dural venous sinuses

A

Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse Sinus

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19
Q

Spaces in the brain

A

ventricles

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20
Q

The ventricles are continuous with each other, and with the ______

A

central canal of the spinal cord

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21
Q

Ventricles and central canal are filled with _____

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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22
Q

Ventricles are lined with_____

A

ependymal cells

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23
Q

Four brain ventricles:

A

2 lateral ventricles (medial portion of cerebrum)
Third ventricle in the diencephalon
Fourth ventricle between pons and cerebellum

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24
Q

In the third ventricle in the diencephalon, lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by the_______

A

interventricular foramen

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25
Q

Third ventricle in the diencephalon, third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by the _______

A

cerebral aqueduct

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26
Q

Fourth ventricle between pons and cerebellum empties into _____

A

central canal of spinal cord

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27
Q

Functions of the cerebral spinal fluid

A

Buoyancy
Protection: liquid cushion to protect neurons from sudden movements
Environmental Stability: provides nutrients, eliminates wastes

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28
Q

____supports 95% of brain weight, prevents brain from being crushed under its own weight.

A

CSF

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29
Q

CSF is made by the ______within each ventricle

A

choroid plexus

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30
Q

_______ filter fluid out of the blood and secrete it in the form of CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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31
Q
  1. CSF is secreted by ____ in each ____.
  2. CSF flows through ____into ____.
  3. ______ in third ventricle adds more CSF.
  4. CSF flows down _____to fourth ventricle.
  5. _____ in fourth ventricle adds more ___.
  6. CSF flows out two ___and one ____.
  7. CSF fills ____ and bathes external surfaces of ___ and _____.
  8. At arachnoid granulations, CSF is reabsorbed into _____.
A
  1. choroid plexus, lateral ventricle
  2. interventricular foramina, third ventricle
  3. Choroid plexus
  4. cerebral aqueduct
  5. Choroid plexus, CSF
  6. lateral apertures, median aperture
  7. subarachnoid space, brain, spinal cord
  8. venous blood of dural venous sinuses
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32
Q

The _____make about 500 mL of CSF a day

A

choroid plexi

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33
Q

BUT volume of CSF is usually _____

A

100-160 mL

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34
Q

CSF is absorbed by the ____ and returned the the blood

A

arachnoid membrane

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35
Q

CSF is absorbed when the _____. This system ensures that there is enough CSF to function but not too much CSF that could damage the brain

A

pressure reaches a certain point.

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36
Q

Brain is made up of 4 regions

A

Brainstem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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37
Q

What region makes up 80% of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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38
Q

The cerebrum is made up of 2 hemispheres. Each hemisphere is divided into ____

A

5 lobes

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39
Q

Centers for circulatory and respiratory control

Sensory and motor functions for head and neck

A

Medulla oblongata

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40
Q

Facial sensation and expression

Control of chewing, respiration, and sleep

A

Pons

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41
Q

Superior colliculus for visual attention

Inferior colliculus for auditory attention

A

Midbrain

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42
Q

The hindbrain is the

A

Medulla oblongata and the pons

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43
Q

Why can we have a conversation in a crowded place

A

IThe midbrain has inferior colliculus for auditory attention

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44
Q

Sleep and consciousness

Varied sensory, motor, and involuntary functions

A

Reticular formation

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45
Q

Muscular coordination and fine motor control

A

Cerebellum

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46
Q

The ____ connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

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47
Q

The three regions of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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48
Q

All communication between brain and spinal cord involves tracts through the _______

A

Medulla Oblongata

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49
Q

Medulla Oblongata extends______

A

fom foramen magnum to pons

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50
Q

Three centers of the Medulla Oblongata

A

Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center

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51
Q

Heart’s rate and strength of contraction

A

Cardiac center

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52
Q

Blood pressure control by vasodilation and vasoconstriction

A

Vasomotor center

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53
Q

regulates respiration rate

A

Respiratory center:

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54
Q

Other nuclei in medulla oblongata involved in

A

coughing, sneezing, salivating, swallowing, gagging and vomiting

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55
Q

Four pairs of cranial nerves attach to the medulla oblongata

A

VIII—vestibulocochlear nerve
IX—glossopharyngeal nerve
X—vagus nerve
XII—hypoglossal nerve

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56
Q

Sensory and motor tracts that connect the brain to the spinal cord
Autonomic respiratory centers regulate the rate and depth of breathing
Fourth ventricle in the posterior

A

Pons

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57
Q

Pons contains the nuclei of cranial nerves

A

V—trigeminal nerve
VI—abducens nerve
VII—facial nerve

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58
Q

Superior colliculus for visual attention

Inferior colliculus for auditory attention

A

Midbrain

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59
Q

Midbrain contains the nuclei of cranial nerves

A

III—oculomotor nerve

IV—trochlear

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60
Q

Web of gray matter that runs through all levels of brainstem

A

The Reticular Formation

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61
Q

Functions of the Reticular Formation

A

Somatic motor control
Cardiovascular control
Sleep and consciousness

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62
Q

Purpose of the Cerebellum

A

Receives proprioceptive input and makes fine scale adjustments
Fine motor skills (fine tunes movements initiated by the cerebrum)
Integrates and recalibrates information from the cerebrum

63
Q

where your body is in space

A

Proprioception

64
Q

Two regions of the cerebullum

A

gray cortex, internal white matter (arbor vitae)

65
Q

arbor vitae

A

Tree of light

66
Q

The excessive consumption of alcohol can effect ____

A

cerebellar function

67
Q

How excessive consumption of alcohol can effect cerebellar function

A

Loss of proprioreception (fingers to the nose)
Walking “funny”
Loss of posture ex: standing on 1 foot

68
Q

Part of the Forebrain

Surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres

A

The Diencephalon

69
Q

Three divisions that surround the third ventricle of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

70
Q

The in-between brain:

A

Epithalamus (on/around the thalamus)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus (beneath the thalamus)

71
Q

Gateway to cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

72
Q

Paired oval structures just lateral to the midline (around the third ventricle)
Acts as a filter for somatosensory information

A

Thalamus

73
Q

How does the thalamus act as a filter for somatosensory information

A

Directs sensory info to the correct cerebrum location

Also sends information about where the sensation is coming from

74
Q

All information coming from the body to the brain goes first through the ______

A

thalamus (except olfaction)

75
Q

Thalamus may____ information heading to the cerebral cortex

A

edit, amplify or diminish

76
Q

Master control over autonomic nervous system

Master control of endocrine system (hormones)

A

Hypothalamus

77
Q

Nuclei in the hypothalamus control:

A

Regulation of body temperature
Control of emotional behavior (pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment, sex drive)
Control of food intake (nutrient levels, drives hunger)
Control of water intake (salt levels, control urine and thirst)

78
Q

Forms part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle

Major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

A

The Hypothalamus

79
Q

In the Hypothalamus____projects inferiorly

A

Pituitary gland projects inferiorly

80
Q

Thin roof over the third ventricle

A

Epithalamus

81
Q

Endocrine gland that controls day/night regulation using hormone melatonin

A

Pineal gland

82
Q

In epithalmus the ___ are involved in developing fear or aversion

A

nuclei

83
Q

The two Cerebral Hemispheres Physically separate from each other except where joined by _____

A

Tracts

84
Q

Largest of the tracts is _____

A

corpus callosum

85
Q

The hemispheres are mostly mirror images, except some language function, localized primarily to the______

A

left hemisphere

86
Q

Each hemisphere receives input from and controls the opposite side of the body (_____)

A

contralaterally

87
Q

Memory and consciousness can or cannot be located to a specific region

A

cannot

88
Q

Type of cerebral tissue that has cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

A

Gray matter

89
Q

Type of cerebral tissue that has myelinated axons

A

White matter

90
Q

white matter is deep to the gray matter. Gray matter is called ___ (outer portion)

A

Cortex

91
Q

There are deep clusters of gray matter called ______(ganglia, but in CNS)

A

basal nuclei

92
Q

Lobes of each cerebral hemisphere

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
93
Q

Lobe of the cerebrum
From frontal bone to central sulcus
Cognition, speech, and motor control

A

Frontal lobe

94
Q

Lobe of the cerebrum
From central sulcus to parieto-occipital sulcus
Interprets signals of general senses and taste

A

Parietal lobe

95
Q

Lobe of the cerebrum
From parieto-occipital sulcus to occipital bone
Principal visual center

A

Occipital lobe

96
Q

Lobe of the cerebrum
From temporal bone to lateral sulcus
Hearing, smell, learning, and memory

A

Temporal lobe

97
Q

Lobe of the cerebrum
Deep to lateral sulcus
Taste, visceral sensation, and language

A

Insula (new lobe)

98
Q

The cerebrum is the location of:

A 
thought/consciousness/intellect
Reasoning               
 Language
Memory                    
Judgment
Voluntary motor        
Visual integration
Auditory integration
99
Q

______is carried out in gray matter of the cerebrum

A

Neural integration

100
Q

Cerebral gray matter includes

A

Cerebral cortex (Includes lobes of the brain)
Limbic system
Basal nuclei

101
Q

White matter:
Deep or superficial to gray matter
The myelinated axons of neurons travel below the gray matter in the central white matter
They are bundled into ____ that traverse parts of the brain

A

Deep

tracts

102
Q

In cerebral white matter ____ tracts:

Travel vertically to carry information between cerebrum and rest of body

A

Projection

103
Q

In cerebral white matter ____ tracts
Commissures cross between two hemispheres
Corpus callosum is largest

A

Commissural

104
Q

In cerebral white matter ____ tracts

Connect regions within same hemisphere

A

Association

105
Q

90% of the cerebral cortex is the ___(“recently” evolved)

A

Neocortex

106
Q

When we talk about the lobes to the brainfunctionally, we are generally talking about the _____

A

Neocortex

107
Q

The “emotional brain”

A collection of deep brain structures that regulate emotions, memories and emotional responses to sensory stimuli

A

Limbic System

108
Q

Fear center. Processes fear and coordinates appropriate nervous system response. Recognizes menacing facial expression.

A

Amygdala

109
Q

forms, consolidates and retrieves memories

A

Hippocampus

110
Q

Limbic system connects to the reticular formation to ____ (i.e. tense muscles, high blood pressure, rapid heart beat, nausea)

A

coordinate physical responses to fear, emotion and memory

111
Q

In the limbic system_____functions in spatial memories

A

Hippocampus

112
Q

In the limbic system the ____ and ___function together to make calculated decisions based on past experiences

A

Hippocampus, amygdala

113
Q

Deep masses of cerebral gray matter

Involved in motor control

A

Basal Nuclei

114
Q

_____displays anatomical specificity for function

A

Cerebral cortex

115
Q

Each primary sensory cortex

A

Has an association area (white matter) that processes sensory information

116
Q

______is first cortical region to receive input for that sense (i.e. visual, auditory, gustatory, sematosensory)

A

Primary sensory cortex

117
Q

_____signals motor commands

A

Primary sensory cortex

118
Q

Integrates and processes information
Any cortical area that is not primary
Interpretation of sensations, thought, memory, and motor planning

A

Association cortex

119
Q

Integrative Brain Functions

A

Primary cortex, Association cortex

120
Q

The Cerebral Cortex—Information Processing

A

Sensory information received by primary sensory cortex
Information relayed to sensory association area
Motor plan enacted and relayed via motor neurons

121
Q

Cerebral Lobes and Functions: Olfactory and auditory information

A

Temporal

122
Q

Cerebral Lobes and Functions:
Primary visual cortex-receives visual input
Other functions-interprets visual input and associated memories

A

Occipital

123
Q

Cerebral Lobes and Functions:
Taste
Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas: generation of words, recognition and understanding of spoken words

A

Insula

124
Q

(postcentral gyrus) receive sensory input (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

125
Q

interprets sensory info, language, combining visual, auditory and sensory info, verbal expression

A

Other functions of the parietal lobe

126
Q

a body map. Size of homunculus represents amount of cortical tissue devoted to that region (not the size of the region itself)

A

The Primary Somatosensory Cortex-(Postcentral Gyrus)Exhibits somatotopy

127
Q

_____contains primary somatosensory cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus

128
Q

______plans and coordinates skeletal muscle movement

A

Premotor cortex

129
Q

_____precentral gyrus) skeletal muscle activity

A

Primary motor cortex

130
Q

_____Left hemisphere only! Coordinates motor activity for speech

A

Broca’s Area

131
Q

______personality, cognition, decision making, planning, recall of object names

A

Other functions of the Cortical regions of the Frontal Lobe

132
Q

______ is primary motor cortex

Contains upper motor neurons that control contralateral muscles. Somatotopic

A

The Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus)

133
Q

Language

A

Wernicke area, Broca area

134
Q

Posterior to lateral sulcus of left brain

Recognition of written and spoken language

A

Wernicke area

135
Q

Inferior prefrontal cortex of left brain

Speech formation

A

Broca area

136
Q

Emotion

A

Several areas involved

Amygdala outputs to hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex

137
Q

Acquire and use knowledge
Association areas of cortex
Least understood, most complex

A

Cognition

138
Q

Memory

A

Limbic areas involved
Amygdala creates emotional memories
Hippocampus consolidates long-term memories

139
Q

Hemisphere specificity for language, analytical reasoning, details

A

Left

140
Q

Hemisphere specificity for visual-spatial patterning, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills
big picture, holistic integration

A

Right

141
Q

Communication and integration is possible through (biggest commissural tract)

A

corpus callosum

142
Q

Olfactory (I)

A

Sensory for Smell

Location: cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

143
Q

Optic (II)

A

Sensory for Sight

Location: big X on underside of cerebrum, from retina to thalamus

144
Q

Oculomotor (III)

A

Motor for Eye Movement

Location: midbrain to muscles deep to eyeball

145
Q

Trochlear (IV)

A

Motor for Eye Movement

Location: lateral midbrain (very small and hard to find)

146
Q

Trigeminal (V)

A

BOTH: Sensory in the face; Motor for Muscles that Masticate (chew)
Location: originates in pons, branches throughout face

147
Q

Abducens (VI)

A

Motor for eye Movement

Location: originates in pons, to eyeball

148
Q

Facial (VII)

A

BOTH: Sensory for taste; Motor for muscles of the face; Motor for making tears and saliva
Location: Originates in pons, branches throughout face

149
Q

Vestibuloccochlear (VIII)

A

Sensory for sound and balance

Location: originates in medulla to ear

150
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

BOTH: Sensory for taste and blood pressure; Motor for swallowing
Location: originates in medulla to tongue and carotid sinus (carotid artery)

151
Q

Vagus (X)

A

Vagus to the viscera; BOTH sensory for visceral sensation and motor to smooth and cardiac muscle
Location: Originates in medulla oblongata to visceral organs in the thorax

152
Q

Accessory (XI)

A

Mostly motor to muscles of neck and back, swallowing and moving head
Location: originates in medulla goes to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

153
Q

Hypoglossal (XII)

A

Motor to move the tongue

Location: medulla to tongue

Anatomy (14 decks)

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