Blood

Question 1

Blood is a ____ composed of cells and extracellular matrix

Answer 1

Connective tissue

Question 2

A protein that your body makes to “attack” a certain antigen. Specific. Made by B lymphocytes.

Answer 2

Antibody

Question 3

A protein or molecule that elicits a response

Answer 3

Antigen

Question 4

Fluid within a cell is called____

Answer 4

intracellular fluid

Question 5

Fluid that surrounds a cell is _____

Answer 5

Fluid that surrounds a cell is extracellular fluid

Question 6

Fluid found in tissues is called _____

Answer 6

interstitial fluid

Question 7

Clear, extracellular fluid (matrix) of blood

Answer 7

Plasma

Question 8

Cells and cell fragments

Answer 8

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

Question 9

Red blood cells

Answer 9

Erythrocytes

Question 10

White blood cells

Answer 10

Leukocytes

Question 11

Fragments of bone marrow cells

Answer 11

Platelets

Question 12

White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets

Answer 12

Buffy coat

Question 13

All cells and cellular material. Basically, whole blood – plasma =

Answer 13

Formed elements

Question 14

Separation by density

Answer 14

Centrifugation

Question 15

Functions of blood

Answer 15

Transportation: Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and hormones

Regulation: regulates the body temperature by carrying heat, regulates the pH of the body (acidic vs basic), regulates fluid balance throughout the body

Protection: The leukocytes in the blood protect the body against infection. Antibodies protect us from antigens Clotting prevents blood loss

Question 16

What is plasma called when it is purified?

Answer 16

Serum

Question 17

Components of blood plasma

Answer 17

Water-92%
Everything else is 7%
Proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Nitrogenous wastes
Hormones 
Gases

Question 18

____are 99% of the formed elements

Answer 18

Erythrocytes

Question 19

The percentage of the erythrocytes in whole blood is called the _____

Answer 19

hematocrit

Question 20

Altitude affects hematocrit. Higher elevation = ___percentage RBCs

Answer 20

Bigger

Question 21

All blood cells originate in the ____

Answer 21

Bone marrow

Question 22

Pluripotential hematopoeitic stem cell

Answer 22

Hemopoietic blood stem cell

Question 23

Give rise to lymphocytes

Answer 23

Lymphoid stem cells

Question 24

Give rise to all other blood cells

Answer 24

Myeloid stem cells

Question 25

In adults, red marrow is located

Answer 25

Between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton Girdles In proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Question 26

___actively generates new blood cells

Answer 26

Red marrow

Question 27

Red marrow contains ______

Answer 27

Immature erythrocytes

Question 28

Red marrow is located in the:

Answer 28

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, parts of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur

Question 29

Yellow marrow is located in the:

Answer 29

Long bones of limbs

Question 30

_____ shape of erythrocytes allow gasses to load and unload

Answer 30

Biconcave

Question 31

Erythrocytes lack ____ and ____which makes them “streamlined” for function-carrying oxygen!

Answer 31

nucleus,organelles

Question 32

Why are erythrocytes technically not alive?

Answer 32

They lack a nucleus

Question 33

What transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Answer 33

Hemoglobin

Question 34

Hemoglobin contains ___which binds to oxygen

Answer 34

Iron

Question 35

When hemoglobin is carrying oxygen it is ____. When hemoglobin is carrying carbon dioxide it is _____.

Answer 35

Oxygenated | De-oxygenated

Question 36

Can hemoglobin transport oxygen and carbon dioxide similtanously?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

Color of hemoglobin when it is carrying oxygen versus when it is carrying carbon dioxide?

Answer 37

When carrying O2-red | When carrying CO2-dark red/black

Question 38

Erythrocytes are degraded in the ____ and ____

Answer 38

Liver, spleen

Question 39

In reusing and recycling erythrocytes the___ is converted to biliverdin (green) and then to bilirubin (yellow) used to make bile.

Answer 39

Heme group

Question 40

In reusing and recycling erythrocytes, (1) is shuttled back to the bone marrow to make more RBCs-two proteins: (2) and (3) do the shuttling.

Answer 40

1. Iron 2. Transferrin 3. Ferritin

Question 41

White blood cells squeeze through endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Answer 41

Diapedesis

Question 42

Leukocytes are “called to” a site in the tissue where infection/inflammation occurs by _______

Answer 42

chemotaxis (taxi, to travel to, chemo- chemical)

Question 43

How can you tell what type of infection a person has?

Answer 43

Complete blood count or CBC Only the type of leukocyte needed for the type of infection reproduce Looking at the relative numbers of each type will tell you the type of infection

Question 44

There are 2 classes of leukocytes, based on what they look like under the microscope:

Answer 44

Granulocytes (granular cells)-3 types | Agranulocytes (cells without granules)-2 types

Question 45

Three types of granulocytes:

Answer 45

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils:

Question 46

Most common granulocyte, only stay in circulation about 12 hrs. They sacrifice themselves to kill off bacteria in tissues. A collection of their dead bodies makes up pus. S or C shaped nucleus. 3-5 lobes.

Answer 46

Neutrophils

Question 47

Granulocyete with reddish granules, very rare, allergic responses, parasitic infections. Bi lobed.

Answer 47

Eosinophils

Question 48

Granulocyte with bluish granules, also rare, inflammation and allergic reactions. Irregularly shaped nucleus

Answer 48

Basophils

Question 49

Agranulocytes

Answer 49

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Question 50

Agranulocytes that spend most of their time in lymph nodes. Mostly involved in immune responses against viruses, cancerous cells. T-lymphocytes: mature in the Thymus B-lymphocytes: Serve in immune memory: remember previous pathogens in order to produce antibodies more rapidly during future infections NK cells: these cells kill off your cells if they are sick

Answer 50

Lymphocytes

Question 51

Agranulocytes that circulate for a few days, then go to tissues then called macrophages. Phagocitize bacteria and cell waste. Bean shaped

Answer 51

Monocytes

Question 52

Leukocyte Life Cycle

Answer 52

Leukopoiesis – production of WBCs Granulocytes and monocytes stay in red marrow until needed B lympocytes and natural killer cells mature in bone marrow T lymphoctyes mature in thymus

Question 53

Leukocyte life span ranges:

Answer 53

Some live only days, others live for decades

Question 54

Innate Immunity

Answer 54

Phagocytes (Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Neutrophils, eosinophils, Monocytes: become macrophages) Secretory (NK cells, Basophils, Mast cells)

Question 55

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 55

T-cells: Cytotoxic (TC ) directly kill microbes via secreted chemicals helper T-cells (TH): signal to TC, B-cells and macrophages to regulate immune response Thus they are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity B-cells: Become plasma cells secrete antibodies then die after pathogen elimination Memory B-cells: long-lived cells that remain and facilitate rapid response when the same pathogen infects later on.

Question 56

_____ are irregularly-shaped cell fragments that form blood clots Formed in the bone marrow

Answer 56

Platelets

Question 57

A huge cell called a ______pinches off little bits of its cytoplasm to form platelets Thus, platelets are not cells, but just cell pieces

Answer 57

Megakaryocyte

Question 58

Platelet production

Answer 58

Thrombopoiesis:

Question 59

Thrombopoiesis:

Answer 59

Some hematopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts Megakaryocytes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow Many proplatelets are broken into platelets within lung capillaries