Blood Flashcards
Blood is a ____ composed of cells and extracellular matrix
Connective tissue
A protein that your body makes to “attack” a certain antigen. Specific. Made by B lymphocytes.
Antibody
A protein or molecule that elicits a response
Antigen
Fluid within a cell is called____
intracellular fluid
Fluid that surrounds a cell is _____
Fluid that surrounds a cell is extracellular fluid
Fluid found in tissues is called _____
interstitial fluid
Clear, extracellular fluid (matrix) of blood
Plasma
Cells and cell fragments
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Fragments of bone marrow cells
Platelets
White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets
Buffy coat
All cells and cellular material. Basically, whole blood – plasma =
Formed elements
Separation by density
Centrifugation
Functions of blood
Transportation: Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and hormones
Regulation: regulates the body temperature by carrying heat, regulates the pH of the body (acidic vs basic), regulates fluid balance throughout the body
Protection: The leukocytes in the blood protect the body against infection. Antibodies protect us from antigens Clotting prevents blood loss
What is plasma called when it is purified?
Serum
Components of blood plasma
Water-92% Everything else is 7% Proteins Nutrients Electrolytes Nitrogenous wastes Hormones Gases
____are 99% of the formed elements
Erythrocytes
The percentage of the erythrocytes in whole blood is called the _____
hematocrit
Altitude affects hematocrit. Higher elevation = ___percentage RBCs
Bigger
All blood cells originate in the ____
Bone marrow
Pluripotential hematopoeitic stem cell
Hemopoietic blood stem cell
Give rise to lymphocytes
Lymphoid stem cells
Give rise to all other blood cells
Myeloid stem cells
In adults, red marrow is located
Between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton
Girdles
In proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
___actively generates new blood cells
Red marrow
Red marrow contains ______
Immature erythrocytes
Red marrow is located in the:
Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, parts of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur
Yellow marrow is located in the:
Long bones of limbs
_____ shape of erythrocytes allow gasses to load and unload
Biconcave
Erythrocytes lack ____ and ____which makes them “streamlined” for function-carrying oxygen!
nucleus,organelles
Why are erythrocytes technically not alive?
They lack a nucleus
What transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin contains ___which binds to oxygen
Iron
When hemoglobin is carrying oxygen it is ____. When hemoglobin is carrying carbon dioxide it is _____.
Oxygenated
De-oxygenated
Can hemoglobin transport oxygen and carbon dioxide similtanously?
Yes
Color of hemoglobin when it is carrying oxygen versus when it is carrying carbon dioxide?
When carrying O2-red
When carrying CO2-dark red/black
Erythrocytes are degraded in the ____ and ____
Liver, spleen
In reusing and recycling erythrocytes the___ is converted to biliverdin (green) and then to bilirubin (yellow) used to make bile.
Heme group
In reusing and recycling erythrocytes, (1) is shuttled back to the bone marrow to make more RBCs-two proteins: (2) and (3) do the shuttling.
- Iron
- Transferrin
- Ferritin
White blood cells squeeze through endothelial cells of blood vessels.
Diapedesis
Leukocytes are “called to” a site in the tissue where infection/inflammation occurs by _______
chemotaxis (taxi, to travel to, chemo- chemical)
How can you tell what type of infection a person has?
Complete blood count or CBC
Only the type of leukocyte needed for the type of infection reproduce
Looking at the relative numbers of each type will tell you the type of infection
There are 2 classes of leukocytes, based on what they look like under the microscope:
Granulocytes (granular cells)-3 types
Agranulocytes (cells without granules)-2 types
Three types of granulocytes:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils:
Most common granulocyte, only stay in circulation about 12 hrs. They sacrifice themselves to kill off bacteria in tissues. A collection of their dead bodies makes up pus. S or C shaped nucleus. 3-5 lobes.
Neutrophils
Granulocyete with reddish granules, very rare, allergic responses, parasitic infections. Bi lobed.
Eosinophils
Granulocyte with bluish granules, also rare, inflammation and allergic reactions. Irregularly shaped nucleus
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Agranulocytes that spend most of their time in lymph nodes. Mostly involved in immune responses against viruses, cancerous cells.
T-lymphocytes: mature in the Thymus
B-lymphocytes: Serve in immune memory: remember previous pathogens in order to produce antibodies more rapidly during future infections
NK cells: these cells kill off your cells if they are sick
Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes that circulate for a few days, then go to tissues then called macrophages. Phagocitize bacteria and cell waste. Bean shaped
Monocytes
Leukocyte Life Cycle
Leukopoiesis – production of WBCs
Granulocytes and monocytes stay in red marrow until needed
B lympocytes and natural killer cells mature in bone marrow
T lymphoctyes mature in thymus
Leukocyte life span ranges:
Some live only days, others live for decades
Innate Immunity
Phagocytes (Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Neutrophils, eosinophils, Monocytes: become macrophages)
Secretory (NK cells, Basophils, Mast cells)
Adaptive Immunity
T-cells:
Cytotoxic (TC ) directly kill microbes via secreted chemicals
helper T-cells (TH): signal to TC, B-cells and macrophages to regulate immune response
Thus they are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity
B-cells:
Become plasma cells secrete antibodies then die after pathogen elimination
Memory B-cells: long-lived cells that remain and facilitate rapid response when the same pathogen infects later on.
_____ are irregularly-shaped cell fragments that form blood clots
Formed in the bone marrow
Platelets
A huge cell called a ______pinches off little bits of its cytoplasm to form platelets
Thus, platelets are not cells, but just cell pieces
Megakaryocyte
Platelet production
Thrombopoiesis:
Thrombopoiesis:
Some hematopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts
Megakaryocytes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow
Many proplatelets are broken into platelets within lung capillaries