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Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a ____ composed of cells and extracellular matrix

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

A protein that your body makes to “attack” a certain antigen. Specific. Made by B lymphocytes.

A

Antibody

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3
Q

A protein or molecule that elicits a response

A

Antigen

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4
Q

Fluid within a cell is called____

A

intracellular fluid

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5
Q

Fluid that surrounds a cell is _____

A

Fluid that surrounds a cell is extracellular fluid

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6
Q

Fluid found in tissues is called _____

A

interstitial fluid

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7
Q

Clear, extracellular fluid (matrix) of blood

A

Plasma

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8
Q

Cells and cell fragments

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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9
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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10
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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11
Q

Fragments of bone marrow cells

A

Platelets

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12
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets

A

Buffy coat

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13
Q

All cells and cellular material. Basically, whole blood – plasma =

A

Formed elements

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14
Q

Separation by density

A

Centrifugation

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15
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transportation: Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and hormones

Regulation: regulates the body temperature by carrying heat, regulates the pH of the body (acidic vs basic), regulates fluid balance throughout the body

Protection: The leukocytes in the blood protect the body against infection. Antibodies protect us from antigens Clotting prevents blood loss

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16
Q

What is plasma called when it is purified?

A

Serum

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17
Q

Components of blood plasma

A 
Water-92%
Everything else is 7%
Proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Nitrogenous wastes
Hormones 
Gases
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18
Q

____are 99% of the formed elements

A

Erythrocytes

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19
Q

The percentage of the erythrocytes in whole blood is called the _____

A

hematocrit

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20
Q

Altitude affects hematocrit. Higher elevation = ___percentage RBCs

A

Bigger

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21
Q

All blood cells originate in the ____

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

Pluripotential hematopoeitic stem cell

A

Hemopoietic blood stem cell

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23
Q

Give rise to lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid stem cells

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24
Q

Give rise to all other blood cells

A

Myeloid stem cells

25
Q

In adults, red marrow is located

A

Between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton
Girdles
In proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

26
Q

___actively generates new blood cells

A

Red marrow

27
Q

Red marrow contains ______

A

Immature erythrocytes

28
Q

Red marrow is located in the:

A

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, parts of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur

29
Q

Yellow marrow is located in the:

A

Long bones of limbs

30
Q

_____ shape of erythrocytes allow gasses to load and unload

31
Q

Erythrocytes lack ____ and ____which makes them “streamlined” for function-carrying oxygen!

A

nucleus,organelles

32
Q

Why are erythrocytes technically not alive?

A

They lack a nucleus

33
Q

What transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Hemoglobin

34
Q

Hemoglobin contains ___which binds to oxygen

35
Q

When hemoglobin is carrying oxygen it is ____. When hemoglobin is carrying carbon dioxide it is _____.

A

Oxygenated

De-oxygenated

36
Q

Can hemoglobin transport oxygen and carbon dioxide similtanously?

37
Q

Color of hemoglobin when it is carrying oxygen versus when it is carrying carbon dioxide?

A

When carrying O2-red

When carrying CO2-dark red/black

38
Q

Erythrocytes are degraded in the ____ and ____

A

Liver, spleen

39
Q

In reusing and recycling erythrocytes the___ is converted to biliverdin (green) and then to bilirubin (yellow) used to make bile.

A

Heme group

40
Q

In reusing and recycling erythrocytes, (1) is shuttled back to the bone marrow to make more RBCs-two proteins: (2) and (3) do the shuttling.

A
  1. Iron
  2. Transferrin
  3. Ferritin
41
Q

White blood cells squeeze through endothelial cells of blood vessels.

A

Diapedesis

42
Q

Leukocytes are “called to” a site in the tissue where infection/inflammation occurs by _______

A

chemotaxis (taxi, to travel to, chemo- chemical)

43
Q

How can you tell what type of infection a person has?

A

Complete blood count or CBC
Only the type of leukocyte needed for the type of infection reproduce
Looking at the relative numbers of each type will tell you the type of infection

44
Q

There are 2 classes of leukocytes, based on what they look like under the microscope:

A

Granulocytes (granular cells)-3 types

Agranulocytes (cells without granules)-2 types

45
Q

Three types of granulocytes:

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils:

46
Q

Most common granulocyte, only stay in circulation about 12 hrs. They sacrifice themselves to kill off bacteria in tissues. A collection of their dead bodies makes up pus. S or C shaped nucleus. 3-5 lobes.

A

Neutrophils

47
Q

Granulocyete with reddish granules, very rare, allergic responses, parasitic infections. Bi lobed.

A

Eosinophils

48
Q

Granulocyte with bluish granules, also rare, inflammation and allergic reactions. Irregularly shaped nucleus

49
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

50
Q

Agranulocytes that spend most of their time in lymph nodes. Mostly involved in immune responses against viruses, cancerous cells.
T-lymphocytes: mature in the Thymus
B-lymphocytes: Serve in immune memory: remember previous pathogens in order to produce antibodies more rapidly during future infections
NK cells: these cells kill off your cells if they are sick

A

Lymphocytes

51
Q

Agranulocytes that circulate for a few days, then go to tissues then called macrophages. Phagocitize bacteria and cell waste. Bean shaped

52
Q

Leukocyte Life Cycle

A

Leukopoiesis – production of WBCs
Granulocytes and monocytes stay in red marrow until needed
B lympocytes and natural killer cells mature in bone marrow
T lymphoctyes mature in thymus

53
Q

Leukocyte life span ranges:

A

Some live only days, others live for decades

54
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Phagocytes (Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Neutrophils, eosinophils, Monocytes: become macrophages)
Secretory (NK cells, Basophils, Mast cells)

55
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

T-cells:
Cytotoxic (TC ) directly kill microbes via secreted chemicals
helper T-cells (TH): signal to TC, B-cells and macrophages to regulate immune response
Thus they are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity
B-cells:
Become plasma cells secrete antibodies then die after pathogen elimination
Memory B-cells: long-lived cells that remain and facilitate rapid response when the same pathogen infects later on.

56
Q

_____ are irregularly-shaped cell fragments that form blood clots
Formed in the bone marrow

57
Q

A huge cell called a ______pinches off little bits of its cytoplasm to form platelets
Thus, platelets are not cells, but just cell pieces

A

Megakaryocyte

58
Q

Platelet production

A

Thrombopoiesis:

59
Q

Thrombopoiesis:

A

Some hematopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts
Megakaryocytes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow
Many proplatelets are broken into platelets within lung capillaries

Anatomy (14 decks)

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