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Anatomy > Lab-Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Lab-Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

A and I bands refract polarized light differently. A bands are ________

A

Ansiotropic

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2
Q

A and I bands refract polarized light differently. I bands are ________

A

Isotropic

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3
Q

A springlike molecule that extends from the z disc to thick filaments to the M line

A

Titin

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4
Q

Two functions of titin

A

1) Holds thick filaments in place

2) Unfolds when muscle is stretched

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5
Q

Two types of contraction:

A

1) Concentric contraction

2) Eccentric contraction

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6
Q

Type of contraction where muscles shorten to do work

A

Concentric contraction

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7
Q

What type of contraction explains the sliding filament mechanism?

A

Concentric contraction

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8
Q

Contraction where muscle generates force as it lengthens. Muscle acts as a “break” to resist gravity.

A

Eccentric contraction

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9
Q

The “down” portion of a push up is an example of what type of contraction?

A

Eccentric contraction

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10
Q

Muscle is stretched by a movement that is opposite of the movement the muscle normally produces

A

Muscle extension

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11
Q

The greatest contraction force is produced when a muscle fibers starts out as _______

A

slightly stretched

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12
Q

Why does the greatest contraction for occur when the muscle fibers start out as slightly stretched?

A

Myosin heads can pull along the entire length of the thin filaments

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13
Q

Located at the end of axons and store neurotransmitters

A

Terminal boutons (axon terminal)

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14
Q

Arthro

A

Joint

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15
Q

Types of classifications of joints

A

1) Functional classification

2) Structural classification

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16
Q

Classification of a joint based on the amount of movement

A

Functional classification

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17
Q

Types of functional classifications of a joint

A

1) Synarthrosis
2) Amphiarthroses
3) Diarthroses

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18
Q

Immovable joint, common in axial skeleton

A

Synarthrosis, type of functional classification of a joint

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19
Q

Slightly movable joint, common in axial skeleton

A

Amphiarthroses

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20
Q

Freely movable joint, common in appendicular skeleton (all synovial joints)

A

Diarthroses

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21
Q

Structural classification is based on

A

1) Material that binds bones together

2) Presence or absence of a joint cavity

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22
Q

Structural classifications include:

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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23
Q

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial are examples of what type of joint classification?

A

Structural classification

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24
Q

Three types of fibrous joints

A

1) Suture (short fibers)
2) Syndesmosis (longer fibers)
3) Gomphosis (periodontal ligament)

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25
Q

Functional classification of three types of fibrous joints:

1) Suture
2) Syndesmosis
3) Gomphosis

A

1) Immobile (synarthrosis)
2) Slightly mobile (amphiathroses) and immobile
3) Immobile (synarthrosis)

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26
Q

Adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers. No joint cavity

A

Fibrous joints

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27
Q

Adjoining bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity

A

Cartilaginous joints

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28
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A

1) Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)

2) Symphysis (fibrocartilage)

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29
Q

Functional classification of two types of cartilaginous joints

1) synchondrosis
2) symphysis

A

1) Immobile (synarthrosis)

2) Slightly movable (amphiathroses)

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30
Q

Adjoining bones separated by joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage, and enclosed within articular capsule lined with synovial membrane

A

Synovial joint

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31
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket

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32
Q

Functional classification of synovial joints

A

Freely movable (diarthrosis)

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33
Q

Type of fibrous joint that occurs only between the bones of the skull

A

Sutures

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34
Q

What do sutures allow?

A

Allow bone growth so the skull can expand with the brain in during childhood

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35
Q

Close sutures

A

Synostoses

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36
Q

When does the fibrous tissue in sutures ossify?

A

Middle age

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37
Q

Syndesmoses are fibrous joints connected exclusively by __________

A

Ligaments

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38
Q

In syndesmoses joints, the amount of movement depends on ______

A

the length of the fibers

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39
Q

Type of syndesmoses joints and function

A

Tibiofibular joint-immovable synarthrosis

Interosseous membrane between ulna and radius-freely movable diarthrosis

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40
Q

Tooth in socket joint is an example of _____

A

Gomphoses

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41
Q

The connecting ligament in a gomphoses joint is the ____

A

periodontal ligament

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42
Q

Cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage unites bones

A

Synchondroses

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43
Q

Examples of synchondroses joints

A

Epiphyseal plates

Joints between first rib and manubrium

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44
Q

Cartilaginous joint where fibrocartilage unites bones, resists tension and compression

A

Symphyses

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45
Q

Slightly movable joints of symphyses provide _____ with _____

A

Strength with flexibility

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46
Q

Examples of symphyses joints

A

Intervertebral discs

Pubic symphysis

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47
Q

What is the most movable type of joint?

A

Synovial

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48
Q

Each synovial joint contains a _______ joint cavity

A

fluid filled

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49
Q

General structure of a synovial joints includes:

A

Articular cartilage
Joint (articular) cavity
Articular capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane)
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular)

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50
Q

Feature of a synovial joint
Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
Absorbs compression

A

Articular cartilage

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51
Q

A potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid

A

Joint (articular) cavity

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52
Q

The joint (articular) cavity is unique to?

A

The synovial joint

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53
Q

The joint cavity of the synovial joint is enclose in a two layered capsule called the

A

Articular capsule

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54
Q

The two layers of the articular capsule

A

1) Fibrous layer

2) Synovial membrane

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55
Q

The fibrous layer of the articular capsule is made of ______ tissue, which strengthens the joint

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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56
Q

The synovial membrane of the articular capsule is made of ______ tissue

A

loose connective tissue

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57
Q

The synovial membrane lines the _____ and covers______

A

joint capsule

internal joint surfaces

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58
Q

What functions to make synovial fluid?

A

The synovial membrane

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59
Q

What is a viscous fluid similar to raw egg white that arises from capillaries in the synovial membrane?

A

Synovial fluid

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60
Q

Synovial fluid is:
A filtrate of ____
Contains ________ molecules secreted by _______

A

Blood

Glycoprotein, fibroblasts

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61
Q

What is it called when pressure on joints squeezes synovial fluid into and out of articular cartilage?

A

Weeping lubrication

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62
Q

What are thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule of a synovial joint?

A

Reinforcing ligaments

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63
Q

Two types of reinforcing ligaments

A

Extracapsular ligaments-located outside the capsule

Intracapsular ligaments-located inside the capsule

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64
Q

What occurs in a synovial joint whose articulating bones have somewhat different shapes?

A

Articular discs

65
Q

Where do articular discs occur?

A

Temporomandibular joint

Knee joint

66
Q

How do synovial joints function?

A

They are lubricating devices

67
Q

Closed bags of lubricant that reduce friction between body elements

A

Bursae and tendon sheath

68
Q

A flattened sac lined by synovial membrane that reduces friction between body elements

A

Bursae

69
Q

An elongated bursae that wraps around a tendon

A

Tendon sheath

70
Q

Movements allowed by the synovial joints

A

Gliding
Angular movement
Rotation

71
Q

Movement where the flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other

A

Gliding

72
Q

Gliding occurs:

A

Carpals, articular processes of vertebrae, tarsals

73
Q

Movements that increase or decrease the angle between bones

A

Angular movements

74
Q

Types of angular movements

A

Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Circumduction

75
Q

Involves turning movement of a bone around it longitudinal axis

A

Rotation

76
Q

Only movement allowed between atlas and axis vertebrae

A

Rotation

77
Q

What type of movement occurs at hip and shoulder joints?

A

Rotation

78
Q

Movement of lifting an body part superiorly

A

Elevation

79
Q

Moving the elevated part inferiorly

A

Depression

80
Q

Non-angular movement anteriorly

A

Protraction

81
Q

Non-angular movement posteriorly

A

Retraction

82
Q

Movement where the forearm rotates laterally and palm faces anteriorly

A

Supination

83
Q

Forearm rotates medially, palm faces posteriorly, brings radius across ulna

A

Pronation

84
Q

Thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the other fingers (for example, like making the okay sign)

A

Opposition

85
Q

Movement that turns sole of the foot medially

A

Inversion

86
Q

Movement that turns sole of the foot laterally

A

Eversion

87
Q

Lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin (flexing toes up)

A

Dorsiflexion

88
Q

Depressing the foot, elevating the heel (pointing toes down)

A

Plantar flexion

89
Q

Shape of synovial joint where articular surfaces are flat planes. Short gliding movement allowed.

A

Plane joints

90
Q

Examples of plane joints

A

Intertarsal and intercarpal joints

91
Q

Nonaxial

A

Gliding does not involve rotation around any axis

92
Q

Plane joint movements are ______

A

Nonaxial

93
Q

Shape of synovial joint where cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough of another bone. Angular movement is allowed on one plane.

A

Hinge joint

94
Q

Examples of hinge joints

A

Elbow, ankle, joints between phalanges

95
Q

Hinge joint and pivot joint movements are ______

A

Uniaxial

96
Q

Uniaxial

A

Allows movement around one axis only

97
Q

Shape of synovial joint where rotating bone only turns around its long axis

A

Pivot joint

98
Q

Types of pivot joints

A

Proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint

99
Q

Shape of synovial joint where each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces

A

Saddle joint

100
Q

The side to side movement of a saddle joint allows for:

A

Abduction and adduction

101
Q

The back and forth movement of a saddle joint allows for:

A

Flexion and extension

102
Q

Examples of saddle joints

A

First carpometacarpal joint that allows opposition of the thumb

103
Q

Saddle joint movements are _____

A

Biaxial

104
Q

Shape of synovial joint where spherical head of one bones fits into round socket of another bone

A

Ball and socket

105
Q

Examples of ball and socket joints:

A

Shoulder joints

Hip joints

106
Q

Multiaxial

A

Allow movement in all axis

107
Q

Ball and socket joints are _______

A

Multiaxial

108
Q

Factors influencing the stability of synovial joints

A

Articular surfaces, ligaments, muscle tone

109
Q

Shapes of _________ determine movements possible for hip joints, elbow joints and ankle

A

Articulating surfaces

110
Q

Influence stability of synovial joints by preventing excessive motions

A

Capsules and ligaments

111
Q

Ligaments on medial or inferior side of a joint prevent:

A

Excessive abduction

112
Q

Ligaments located lateral or superiorly resist:

A

Adduction

113
Q

Ligaments on anterior side of a joint resist:

A

Extension and lateral rotation

114
Q

Ligaments on a posterior side of a joint resist:

A

Flexion and medial rotation

115
Q

More ligaments means the joint is ____ and more _____

A

stronger and stable

116
Q

Influence the stability of synovial joints by stabilizing joints by keeping tension on tendons

A

Muscle Tone

117
Q

Where is muscle tone important

A

Shoulder and knee joints

Supporting joints in arches of foot

118
Q

A modified hinge joint where the condylar process of the mandible articulates with the inferior surface of the squamous temporal bone

A

Temporomandibular joint

119
Q

The two surfaces of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint allows

A

1) Hingelike movement

2) Gliding of the superior surface anteriorly

120
Q

Lateral exursion of the the temporomandibular joints in a ______ movement

A

side to side

121
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle joint

122
Q

Four ligaments that surround the stenoclavicular joint

A

Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
Interclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament

123
Q

What is the most freely movable joint

A

Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

124
Q

In the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint, the articular capsule is ___ and ____. This joint lacks_____.

A

Thin and loose

stability

125
Q

What contributes stability to the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

A

Muscle tendons

126
Q

The _____ is made up of four muscles and their associated tendons. Common should injuries.

A

Rotator cuff

127
Q

Four muscles and associated tendons in the rotator cuff

A

Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

128
Q

Articulation of humerus with the trochlear notch of the ulna forms the hinge of this joint

A

Elbow joint

129
Q

What two types of movement does the elbow joint allow?

A

Flexion and extension

130
Q

Tendons of ____ and ______ provide stability to the elbow joint

A

biceps and triceps brachii

131
Q

The wrist joint is stabilized by _____ ligaments

A

numerous

132
Q

What two joints is the wrist joint comprised of?

A

Radiocarpal joint

Intercarpal joint

133
Q

Joint between the radius and proximal carpals (the scaphoid and lunate)

A

Radiocarpal joint

134
Q

The radiocarpal joint allows for what movement

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction

135
Q

The joint between the proximal and distal rows or carpals

A

Intercarpal joint

136
Q

Allows for _____ movement

A

Gliding

137
Q

Joint where the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum

A

Hip joint

138
Q

The hip joint is a ______ joint

A

Ball and socket

139
Q

Stability (and limitations in movement) mostly comes from the _____ and _____. It somewhat comes from _____

A

Acetabulum and capsular ligaments

Muscle tendons

140
Q

What is the largest and most complex joint?

A

Knee joint

141
Q

The knee joint is primarily a ____ joint, but has capacity for rotation when the leg is _____

A

Hinge joint

flexed

142
Q

The knee joint is structurally considered ____ and ____

A

Compound and bicondyloid

143
Q

Two ______ occur within the joint cavity

A

fibrocartilage menisci

144
Q

What joint shares the joint cavity with the knee joint and allows the patella to slide across the distal femur?

A

Femoropatellar joint

145
Q

The capsule of the knee joint covers the ____and ____ aspects of the knee. Also covers the ____ and _____ condyles.

A

posterior and lateral

tibial and femoral condyles

146
Q

The anterior aspect of the knee is covered by three ligaments:

A

Patellar ligament

Medial and lateral patellar retinacula

147
Q

The ligaments of the knee joint become ____ when the knee is extended

A

Taut

148
Q

Extracapsular and capsular ligaments of the knee joint:

A

Fibular and tibial collateral ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament

149
Q

Intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint:

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

150
Q

Each cruciate ligament runs from the ____ to the _____.

A

Proximal tibia to the distal femur

151
Q

The anterior cruciate ligament is ____ to the posterior cruciate ligament

A

Inferior

152
Q

Prevents undesirable movements at the knee

A

Cruciate ligaments

153
Q

Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

154
Q

Prevents sliding forward of the femur or backward displacement of the tibia

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

155
Q

The ankle joint is a hinge between:

A

United inferior ends of the tibia and fibula

The talus of the foot

156
Q

The ankle joint allows the movements______ and _____ only.

A

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

157
Q

The ankle joint is medially and laterally stabilized by ligaments:

A

Medial (deltoid) ligament

Lateral ligament

158
Q

Inferior end if tibia and fibula are joined by ligaments:

A

Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Anatomy (14 decks)

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