Lab-Muscle Tissue Flashcards
A and I bands refract polarized light differently. A bands are ________
Ansiotropic
A and I bands refract polarized light differently. I bands are ________
Isotropic
A springlike molecule that extends from the z disc to thick filaments to the M line
Titin
Two functions of titin
1) Holds thick filaments in place
2) Unfolds when muscle is stretched
Two types of contraction:
1) Concentric contraction
2) Eccentric contraction
Type of contraction where muscles shorten to do work
Concentric contraction
What type of contraction explains the sliding filament mechanism?
Concentric contraction
Contraction where muscle generates force as it lengthens. Muscle acts as a “break” to resist gravity.
Eccentric contraction
The “down” portion of a push up is an example of what type of contraction?
Eccentric contraction
Muscle is stretched by a movement that is opposite of the movement the muscle normally produces
Muscle extension
The greatest contraction force is produced when a muscle fibers starts out as _______
slightly stretched
Why does the greatest contraction for occur when the muscle fibers start out as slightly stretched?
Myosin heads can pull along the entire length of the thin filaments
Located at the end of axons and store neurotransmitters
Terminal boutons (axon terminal)
Arthro
Joint
Types of classifications of joints
1) Functional classification
2) Structural classification
Classification of a joint based on the amount of movement
Functional classification
Types of functional classifications of a joint
1) Synarthrosis
2) Amphiarthroses
3) Diarthroses
Immovable joint, common in axial skeleton
Synarthrosis, type of functional classification of a joint
Slightly movable joint, common in axial skeleton
Amphiarthroses
Freely movable joint, common in appendicular skeleton (all synovial joints)
Diarthroses
Structural classification is based on
1) Material that binds bones together
2) Presence or absence of a joint cavity
Structural classifications include:
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial are examples of what type of joint classification?
Structural classification
Three types of fibrous joints
1) Suture (short fibers)
2) Syndesmosis (longer fibers)
3) Gomphosis (periodontal ligament)
Functional classification of three types of fibrous joints:
1) Suture
2) Syndesmosis
3) Gomphosis
1) Immobile (synarthrosis)
2) Slightly mobile (amphiathroses) and immobile
3) Immobile (synarthrosis)
Adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers. No joint cavity
Fibrous joints
Adjoining bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity
Cartilaginous joints
Types of cartilaginous joints
1) Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
2) Symphysis (fibrocartilage)
Functional classification of two types of cartilaginous joints
1) synchondrosis
2) symphysis
1) Immobile (synarthrosis)
2) Slightly movable (amphiathroses)
Adjoining bones separated by joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage, and enclosed within articular capsule lined with synovial membrane
Synovial joint
Types of synovial joints
Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
Functional classification of synovial joints
Freely movable (diarthrosis)
Type of fibrous joint that occurs only between the bones of the skull
Sutures
What do sutures allow?
Allow bone growth so the skull can expand with the brain in during childhood
Close sutures
Synostoses
When does the fibrous tissue in sutures ossify?
Middle age
Syndesmoses are fibrous joints connected exclusively by __________
Ligaments
In syndesmoses joints, the amount of movement depends on ______
the length of the fibers
Type of syndesmoses joints and function
Tibiofibular joint-immovable synarthrosis
Interosseous membrane between ulna and radius-freely movable diarthrosis
Tooth in socket joint is an example of _____
Gomphoses
The connecting ligament in a gomphoses joint is the ____
periodontal ligament
Cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage unites bones
Synchondroses
Examples of synchondroses joints
Epiphyseal plates
Joints between first rib and manubrium
Cartilaginous joint where fibrocartilage unites bones, resists tension and compression
Symphyses
Slightly movable joints of symphyses provide _____ with _____
Strength with flexibility
Examples of symphyses joints
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
What is the most movable type of joint?
Synovial
Each synovial joint contains a _______ joint cavity
fluid filled
General structure of a synovial joints includes:
Articular cartilage
Joint (articular) cavity
Articular capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane)
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular)
Feature of a synovial joint
Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
Absorbs compression
Articular cartilage
A potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid
Joint (articular) cavity
The joint (articular) cavity is unique to?
The synovial joint
The joint cavity of the synovial joint is enclose in a two layered capsule called the
Articular capsule
The two layers of the articular capsule
1) Fibrous layer
2) Synovial membrane
The fibrous layer of the articular capsule is made of ______ tissue, which strengthens the joint
dense irregular connective tissue
The synovial membrane of the articular capsule is made of ______ tissue
loose connective tissue
The synovial membrane lines the _____ and covers______
joint capsule
internal joint surfaces
What functions to make synovial fluid?
The synovial membrane
What is a viscous fluid similar to raw egg white that arises from capillaries in the synovial membrane?
Synovial fluid
Synovial fluid is:
A filtrate of ____
Contains ________ molecules secreted by _______
Blood
Glycoprotein, fibroblasts
What is it called when pressure on joints squeezes synovial fluid into and out of articular cartilage?
Weeping lubrication
What are thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule of a synovial joint?
Reinforcing ligaments
Two types of reinforcing ligaments
Extracapsular ligaments-located outside the capsule
Intracapsular ligaments-located inside the capsule
What occurs in a synovial joint whose articulating bones have somewhat different shapes?
Articular discs
Where do articular discs occur?
Temporomandibular joint
Knee joint
How do synovial joints function?
They are lubricating devices
Closed bags of lubricant that reduce friction between body elements
Bursae and tendon sheath
A flattened sac lined by synovial membrane that reduces friction between body elements
Bursae
An elongated bursae that wraps around a tendon
Tendon sheath
Movements allowed by the synovial joints
Gliding
Angular movement
Rotation
Movement where the flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other
Gliding
Gliding occurs:
Carpals, articular processes of vertebrae, tarsals
Movements that increase or decrease the angle between bones
Angular movements
Types of angular movements
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Circumduction
Involves turning movement of a bone around it longitudinal axis
Rotation
Only movement allowed between atlas and axis vertebrae
Rotation
What type of movement occurs at hip and shoulder joints?
Rotation
Movement of lifting an body part superiorly
Elevation
Moving the elevated part inferiorly
Depression
Non-angular movement anteriorly
Protraction
Non-angular movement posteriorly
Retraction
Movement where the forearm rotates laterally and palm faces anteriorly
Supination
Forearm rotates medially, palm faces posteriorly, brings radius across ulna
Pronation
Thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the other fingers (for example, like making the okay sign)
Opposition
Movement that turns sole of the foot medially
Inversion
Movement that turns sole of the foot laterally
Eversion
Lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin (flexing toes up)
Dorsiflexion
Depressing the foot, elevating the heel (pointing toes down)
Plantar flexion
Shape of synovial joint where articular surfaces are flat planes. Short gliding movement allowed.
Plane joints
Examples of plane joints
Intertarsal and intercarpal joints
Nonaxial
Gliding does not involve rotation around any axis
Plane joint movements are ______
Nonaxial
Shape of synovial joint where cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough of another bone. Angular movement is allowed on one plane.
Hinge joint
Examples of hinge joints
Elbow, ankle, joints between phalanges
Hinge joint and pivot joint movements are ______
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Allows movement around one axis only
Shape of synovial joint where rotating bone only turns around its long axis
Pivot joint
Types of pivot joints
Proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
Shape of synovial joint where each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces
Saddle joint
The side to side movement of a saddle joint allows for:
Abduction and adduction
The back and forth movement of a saddle joint allows for:
Flexion and extension
Examples of saddle joints
First carpometacarpal joint that allows opposition of the thumb
Saddle joint movements are _____
Biaxial
Shape of synovial joint where spherical head of one bones fits into round socket of another bone
Ball and socket
Examples of ball and socket joints:
Shoulder joints
Hip joints
Multiaxial
Allow movement in all axis
Ball and socket joints are _______
Multiaxial
Factors influencing the stability of synovial joints
Articular surfaces, ligaments, muscle tone
Shapes of _________ determine movements possible for hip joints, elbow joints and ankle
Articulating surfaces
Influence stability of synovial joints by preventing excessive motions
Capsules and ligaments
Ligaments on medial or inferior side of a joint prevent:
Excessive abduction
Ligaments located lateral or superiorly resist:
Adduction
Ligaments on anterior side of a joint resist:
Extension and lateral rotation
Ligaments on a posterior side of a joint resist:
Flexion and medial rotation
More ligaments means the joint is ____ and more _____
stronger and stable
Influence the stability of synovial joints by stabilizing joints by keeping tension on tendons
Muscle Tone
Where is muscle tone important
Shoulder and knee joints
Supporting joints in arches of foot
A modified hinge joint where the condylar process of the mandible articulates with the inferior surface of the squamous temporal bone
Temporomandibular joint
The two surfaces of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint allows
1) Hingelike movement
2) Gliding of the superior surface anteriorly
Lateral exursion of the the temporomandibular joints in a ______ movement
side to side
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle joint
Four ligaments that surround the stenoclavicular joint
Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
Interclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament
What is the most freely movable joint
Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
In the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint, the articular capsule is ___ and ____. This joint lacks_____.
Thin and loose
stability
What contributes stability to the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
Muscle tendons
The _____ is made up of four muscles and their associated tendons. Common should injuries.
Rotator cuff
Four muscles and associated tendons in the rotator cuff
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Articulation of humerus with the trochlear notch of the ulna forms the hinge of this joint
Elbow joint
What two types of movement does the elbow joint allow?
Flexion and extension
Tendons of ____ and ______ provide stability to the elbow joint
biceps and triceps brachii
The wrist joint is stabilized by _____ ligaments
numerous
What two joints is the wrist joint comprised of?
Radiocarpal joint
Intercarpal joint
Joint between the radius and proximal carpals (the scaphoid and lunate)
Radiocarpal joint
The radiocarpal joint allows for what movement
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
The joint between the proximal and distal rows or carpals
Intercarpal joint
Allows for _____ movement
Gliding
Joint where the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
Hip joint
The hip joint is a ______ joint
Ball and socket
Stability (and limitations in movement) mostly comes from the _____ and _____. It somewhat comes from _____
Acetabulum and capsular ligaments
Muscle tendons
What is the largest and most complex joint?
Knee joint
The knee joint is primarily a ____ joint, but has capacity for rotation when the leg is _____
Hinge joint
flexed
The knee joint is structurally considered ____ and ____
Compound and bicondyloid
Two ______ occur within the joint cavity
fibrocartilage menisci
What joint shares the joint cavity with the knee joint and allows the patella to slide across the distal femur?
Femoropatellar joint
The capsule of the knee joint covers the ____and ____ aspects of the knee. Also covers the ____ and _____ condyles.
posterior and lateral
tibial and femoral condyles
The anterior aspect of the knee is covered by three ligaments:
Patellar ligament
Medial and lateral patellar retinacula
The ligaments of the knee joint become ____ when the knee is extended
Taut
Extracapsular and capsular ligaments of the knee joint:
Fibular and tibial collateral ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint:
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Each cruciate ligament runs from the ____ to the _____.
Proximal tibia to the distal femur
The anterior cruciate ligament is ____ to the posterior cruciate ligament
Inferior
Prevents undesirable movements at the knee
Cruciate ligaments
Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia
Anterior cruciate ligament
Prevents sliding forward of the femur or backward displacement of the tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament
The ankle joint is a hinge between:
United inferior ends of the tibia and fibula
The talus of the foot
The ankle joint allows the movements______ and _____ only.
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
The ankle joint is medially and laterally stabilized by ligaments:
Medial (deltoid) ligament
Lateral ligament
Inferior end if tibia and fibula are joined by ligaments:
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
